Hossein Naghdbishi

My Take on Procrastination

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Wed, 02 Sep 2026 12:33:08 +0330

I have always read in every book and article that procrastination is caused by failing to regulate our emotions. That seems right, but most books stop at that point and do not give further information. Today I read about Goal Orientation Theory, and I think by connecting procrastination to this framework, we may gain a better understanding of ourselves and procrastination.

The image explains goal orientation theory and is taken from this YouTube video. Your definition of competence is on the X axis: you either measure competence intrinsically, by an absolute measure related to the task itself (Mastery), or extrinsically using comparison with others (Performance). The Y axis indicates your motivation, whether you pursue a goal in order to avoid a negative outcome (Avoidance), or because you wish to attain a desirable outcome (Approach).

Now, I wish to boil down the human mind to the simplest model possible: a human brain tries to avoid pain and attain pleasure. If we're steering away from what's clearly beneficial for us then there should be some pain involved. A pain that's lurking in a corner that we can't see, but it's preventing us from doing what's in our best interest anyway. Looking at this through the lens of goal orientation, the emotional pain caused by tasks that we face could take three shapes. The joy, one.

Mastery-Avoidance (fantasized perfection): I fear not being good enough

Authors of "The Courage to Be Disliked" explain this a lot better than I. We do not go after change and happiness because we're scared. The real reason we don't do something that is so clearly important for our life's mission is this — more often than not:

I have a young friend who dreams of becoming a novelist, but he never seems to be able to complete his work. According to him, his job keeps him too busy, and he can never find enough time to write novels, and that’s why he can’t complete work and enter it for writing awards. But is that the real reason? No! It’s actually that he wants to leave the possibility of “I can do it if I try” open, by not committing to anything. He doesn’t want to expose his work to criticism, and he certainly doesn’t want to face the reality that he might produce an inferior piece of writing and face rejection. He wants to live inside that realm of possibilities, where he can say that he could do it if he only had the time, or that he could write if he just had the proper environment, and that he really does have the talent for it.

All of us possess a self-image, someone who we think we are. I personally feel like a great writer, someone else might think they're really good at math. This self-image has nothing to do with reality, I have not much to back up my claim. Being destined to become a great writer is just a story I tell myself. However, we usually cling to an unrealistic self-image desperately and way more than we should. I cannot come up with the name of a single society where people are celebrated for being ordinary, making mistakes, or being bad at something but giving it a shot anyway. So it hurts a lot when we realize that we're not exceptionally talented or special. We like to think of ourselves as special, at least at some things, and an existential crisis might happen at the moment we realize that we're mediocre and just like everyone else.

Once we commit to an action, we shatter all the fantasies of our self-image and are faced with something concrete, and most of the time, the fact is that we suck; while what we fantasized was supposed to be easy for us to do but not for others, was supposed to bring us fame, cheerings of others, and high acclaim. So we tarry.

But as Ira Glass puts it, there is no way we can achieve that ideal stage in our work, unless we endure the "slog", keep creating, keep putting ourselves out there, and keep growing:

Nobody tells this to people who are beginners, I wish someone told me. All of us who do creative work, we get into it because we have good taste. But there is this gap. For the first couple years you make stuff, it’s just not that good. It’s trying to be good, it has potential, but it’s not. But your taste, the thing that got you into the game, is still killer. And your taste is why your work disappoints you. A lot of people never get past this phase, they quit. Most people I know who do interesting, creative work went through years of this. We know our work doesn’t have this special thing that we want it to have. We all go through this. And if you are just starting out or you are still in this phase, you gotta know its normal and the most important thing you can do is do a lot of work. Put yourself on a deadline so that every week you will finish one story. It is only by going through a volume of work that you will close that gap, and your work will be as good as your ambitions. And I took longer to figure out how to do this than anyone I’ve ever met. It’s gonna take awhile. It’s normal to take awhile. You’ve just gotta fight your way through.

If you spot any of these thoughts during your inner dialogues, you're facing Mastery-Avoidance:

What if I fail to uphold the previous (successful) image I created for myself (in my mind and/or in other people's minds)?
What if I am not good enough?
What if I make mistakes?
What if I can't make it?
What if what I do is not perfect?
What if I'm not smart/privileged/… enough to complete this task?

Performance-Avoidance (avoiding humiliation): I fear how I compare to others. I care too much about what other people think.

This is a big one. Each time we see someone in our field with the same age and background, who has achieved something significant, it is very easy to ask "Why not me?". While a moderate amount of this is healthy as long as it is spent on retrospection and learning, and not berating oneself, it could take a dark turn and make us lose self-esteem and self-confidence.

I love the motto "Life is not a competition". We have to remind ourselves that while we should try our best, no two people are the same, and we are worthy in and of ourselves regardless of our achievements. Comparing achievements is a losing game anyway, there is always someone richer, prettier, …er than us. The world is a big place! Always remember: you're unique and bring to the world and your community invaluable benefits that even you may not recognize. No need to spoil what great things you offer to the world and fail to notice, with another person's highlights of life.

Each attempt at growth is going out on a limb, and we perform all this in front of a society. It takes courage to go out on a limb. It takes high self-esteem to make yourself vulnerable, to make mistakes in front of an audience, and to learn from them.

If you spot any of these thoughts during your inner dialogues, you're facing Performance-Avoidance:

What if I try and make a fool out of myself in front of others?
What if other people berate me for how little I have achieved?

When these questions are asked, we conclude that it's better to stall and stay invisible so that we don't give others a reason to judge or expose us, proving that our self-image has been a fraud all along. Due to attaching our worth to the judgment of others, we naturally self-handicap. This is something we'll arrive at shortly, but in its simplest form, if we wait until the last minute, poor quality looks like a lack of time rather than a lack of ability. We and others could be given a reason to be gentler in our harsh judgments.

Performance-Approach (winner's ego):

This is a double-edged sword as it can help some people procrastinate less, and it is a necessary part of life in moderation. But it could also cause anxiety by asking these questions:

What if I try my best but still am not the best?
What if I'm not smart/privileged/… enough to be better than others in this task?

Asking these questions, we have to worry about whether we're valuable at all, when compared with others.

Self-worth and Self-handicap

In all of the scenarios discussed above, the pain is created by doing something and the ensuing judgment. With these mindsets whatever we do, we never truly win. There is always some better 'true potential', better 'person' to compare ourselves to. If our self-worth is constantly questioned and pain is created by doing something, we could just as easily resort to not doing anything; or when we absolutely have to, we could take a second approach: self-handicapping.

Self-handicapping occurs when a person creates an intentional obstacle for themselves in the path of achieving their goals. Why would we do this? Because it makes the hounds of judgments unleashed on us by ourselves or other people gentler. We can forgive ourselves more easily if the goal is "hard" to achieve; it doesn't matter if this hardship comes from our doing or the external world.

The more we attach our self-worth to the extraneous, the lower our self-esteem. With low self-esteem, we're more susceptible to feeling bad after failing to achieve. We fear failure and being unworthy. We sense shame about who we are, and ultimately we self-handicap more — trying hard to maintain a good self-image by pitying ourselves with if-onlys.

Following this rationale, it is very natural and smart to self-handicap. We procrastinate and put what matters off till the last minute where a perfect achievement is impossible, or keep telling other people that we expect to fail for this and that reason. In both scenarios, by setting ourselves up for failure, we protect our self-image, and even better, if we produce something good, we bolster our self-image because this achievement happened despite the self-handicap. The root cause of self-handicapping is nothing but caring about some image. We want to make the world have a better image of us. And what better way to create it than by self-handicapping? But it's a downward spiral.

When our self-esteem is attached to some external outcomes, we won't give anything our 100% so that our illusion of potential remains intact. If we never begin a task, or begin but do not commit to it, then we never truly failed our own standards, and preserve our self-image as a result. This makes us not learn from our failures because we believe we never failed, just didn't commit to it enough. And sadly preserving one's self-image comes at the cost of an unlived life.

Mastery-Approach (letting go of the ego): I believe my self-worth is independent of the outcome. Every failure to achieve is a chance to learn and grow.

Following the logic of a simple reward-pain brain, we introduced different forms of pain so far. But how about joy? The joy could be framed as Mastery-Approach.

Mastery-Approach goes hand in hand with a growth mindset: I am a valuable, capable human being regardless of my material gains or achievements. When I take risks, and when I start doing something, I will grow as a person. I enjoy the process of learning. Making mistakes is natural and a sign that I'm stretching the boundaries of myself and growing. I don't need to do this better than anyone; I just need to try to grow and be better than my previous self.

So the antidote is Mastery-Approach: to play for the love of the game itself, for improving ourselves compared with our previous selves, to live according to our values not to achieve some arbitrary standards, to take risks and do things (even badly) because it helps us grow, to have a long-term vision, to value growth over material gain or other people's opinion of us. To quote Sting:

He deals the cards as a meditation

And those he plays never suspect

He doesn't play for the money he wins

He doesn't play for respect

He deals the cards to find the answer

The sacred geometry of chance

The hidden laws of a probable outcome

The numbers lead a dance

Definition of Success and Attitude Toward Failing to Achieve

I have this idea that perhaps procrastination, and more broadly the quality of our life, how much we get to actually live instead of going wherever the wind takes us, is closely related to our attitude toward making mistakes. Everyone makes mistakes. But if you set perfectionist standards and judge yourself too harshly when you think about past actions, it naturally makes you tend to hesitate and withdraw. It makes you hide more and live in your head. After all, sins of omission are easier to rationalize, less obvious as errors, and no one can directly point to an action you have never committed.

How do you perceive failure to achieve? To some people, failure of achievement is a form of success. Here's the Spanx founder explaining the correct attitude toward making mistakes:

Growing up, my father used to ask my brother and me what we had failed at at the dinner table, which was so interesting. And he'd celebrate it, and he'd actually be disappointed if I didn't have something that I failed at that week.

So I can remember saying, "Dad, Dad, I tried out for this, and I was horrible." And he would actually high-five me and say, "Congratulations, way to go!" And what it did was just reframe my definition of failure.

Failure for me became not trying versus the outcome. So so many people don't take risks for fear of failure. They don't start the business, they don't go create the art they want to create, or they don't go try out to be in the play, or whatever it is, for the fear of failure. And once you redefine that for yourself and realize that failure is just not trying, then life opens up to you in many ways.

And I would also—my dad would encourage me anytime something didn't go the way I expected it to, or maybe I got embarrassed by a situation, to write down where the hidden gifts were and what I got out of it. And I started realizing, in everything, there was some amazing nugget that I wouldn't have wanted to pass up.

Like I said, most people equate success with trying and achieving what they wanted. But success is to make the best choice available to you at the moment, taking risks, having tried, and learned from the outcome, whatever it may be.

Failure to achieve does not need to also be failure to grow and learn. Each failure to achieve is a success and a step in the right direction so long as we learn. The real failure is failure to commit. In this view, we reframe pain and put the guilt in failing to act, not in acting and failing to achieve. This sounds simple to say but could be life-altering.

Msic Notes

[2026-09-11]: Updated to add self-handicapping and integrate attitude toward mistakes.

Practical Advice

Be aware of your emotions and thoughts. Each time you procrastinate identify which of the three you're facing.
Make tasks so easy and so well defined they're not intimidating.
Lower your standards and allow yourself to deliver imperfect rather than perfect. (volume of photography over quality story)
Lower your standards and allow yourself (in fact force yourself) to publish things despite knowing that they could be better if you just changed a few more things… (simonw)

TODO

Write a blog post about how changing happens by telling ourselves a new story about ourselves: 'We can choose and be whoever we want living moment by moment. Some would say that pretending. Kurt Vonnegut said : “We are what we pretend to be, so we must be very careful about what we pretend to be” to change tell yourself a different story.' and the connection between self-image and "living in bad faith" of Sartre.

Sources

The contents of this post was somewhat complemented by content from this blog post and this one.

How To Tunnel All Your VPS Traffic Through WireGuard without Losing SSH

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Mon, 10 Aug 2026 15:17:52 +0330

Intro

When we enable a WireGuard tunnel at system-level, i.e. not using implementations such as wireguard-go, each outgoing packet of our system could use either our VPS's physical interface or the WireGuard's. The packets going through the first, would carry our own IP as their source IP, the latter the VPN's IP address.

Clearly, we want to maximize anonymity by making every outgoing packet show a different IP than ours. But if every outgoing packet were set to use the VPN's IP, then we wouldn't be able to accept any incoming connections to our server. A client that starts a connection with our VPS, expects a response from the same address it requested the connection from.

So, for our VPS to be able to respond to incoming connections and act as a server, it needs to reply to incoming connections aimed at its physical interface as itself. By default, turning on a WireGuard connection that has AllowedIPs = 0.0.0.0/0, ::/0, changes the routes in Linux in such a way that all packets go out using WireGuard, this is what we've asked of it after all. Unfortunately, it also means our server is incapable of accepting any incoming connections on its own IP.

If you have ever tried tunneling all your VPS traffic through WireGuard, you may have learned what I just said the hard way. Because as soon as you enable a WireGuard VPN, you will lose all ingress connections to your VPS, including SSH. You also won't have the ability to use your VPS, unless you have out-of-band VNC access or force a reboot. So what's the solution?

There are multiple solutions, including one that I had written about earlier, but in this post, we will solve this issue using a stateful marking approach. We will:

Mark the connections initiated from the physical interface: Use nftables to mark all the incoming connections aimed at our physical interface.
Mark the connection's packets: Use nftables to mark the individual packets of the previously marked connections, prior to an outgoing routing decision.
Route the packets: Execute iproute2 commands to use Linux's policy-based routing, sending the packets from incoming connections to where they were initiated using our real IP.

Step One: Marking Incoming Connections as Soon as They Hit Our Physical Interface

This happens in the ~~input~~ prerouting chain of our ruleset, we use the prerouting chain and not the input chain because we need to mark these connections as they hit our physical interface. If we had used the input chain, we would not have the ability to keep track of incoming connections to containers. The input chain is triggered only before a packet is delivered to an app inside our host, and container networks have their own dedicated bridges, so their packets traverse the forward chain, not the input chain:

chain prerouting {
 type filter hook prerouting priority mangle; policy accept;

 # mark **connections** incoming on our host to keep track of them
 iifname "enp0s6" ct mark set 0x34

}

Step Two: Mark the Connection's Packets Before the Outgoing Routing Decision Takes Place

As I mentioned, when enabling WireGuard, every packet goes out of the Wireguard interface. We must manually manage our egress traffic, and steer our outgoing packets to the right interface. To do this, we mark the individual packets of a connection before the outgoing routing decision takes place. The ones we mark will go out of our VPS's gateway, instead of the VPN's.

We already marked the connections in the previous step, so we know which connections should bypass WireGuard. The ct mark marks connections, and at this step we need to mark the packets of these connections before they go out.

Interestingly, this marking should happen at two different chains. The fact that I learned in this journey is that the meaning of input and output are not what you would expect. input is specifically the packets that go into a process, not the input of our physical IP address, and output are the packets that come out of a process not the outgoing packets of the server. A container is not a process, so while we use output for our local processes, a different chain is needed for handling container traffic. Try to guess which one before reading on.

Packets that go out of our physical interface

Once the incoming traffic is consumed by the processes, they produce some packets in response. We know which of the requests should be responded using our real IP address, because we have already marked their connections.

We write our rules in the output chain, but to force a re-routing decision, the type of the chain should be route and not filter.

 chain output {
 type route hook output priority mangle; policy accept;

 # Restore meta mark for locally generated host traffic
 ct mark 0x34 meta mark set 0x34
 }

Packets that come out of containers

For packets that go out of docker containers, which chain do you think we will use? prerouting, input, forward, or output?

While it may seem counterintuitive, we catch these packets at the prerouting chain! Docker and other container technologies use Linux bridges. Both our host system and the containers have their own dedicated IPs on their shared bridge. As our host acts as the containers' gateway to the Internet, each outgoing packet from a container is an incoming packet for our host on that bridge.

The nftables on our host sees outgoing packets from these containers as incoming packets on its bridge. So just like how our enp0s6 (or eth0) is an interface, so is our docker bridge, and other bridges. The exact chain that we used previously to mark connections, will be used to catch packets going out of the containers (coming in our host):

chain prerouting {
 type filter hook prerouting priority mangle; policy accept;

 # mark **connections** incoming on our host to keep track of them
 iifname "enp0s6" ct mark set 0x34

 # mark **packets** going out of containers, before the routing decision
 iifname "docker*" ct mark 0x34 meta mark set 0x34
 iifname "br-*" ct mark 0x34 meta mark set 0x34
 iifname "tun0" ct mark 0x34 meta mark set 0x34
 iifname "incus*" ct mark 0x34 meta mark set 0x34
 iifname "veth*" ct mark 0x34 meta mark set 0x34
}

Final result

This nftables table is what we have at the end:

table inet keep_conn {
 chain prerouting {
 type filter hook prerouting priority mangle; policy accept;

 # mark **connections** incoming on our host to keep track of them
 iifname "enp0s6" ct mark set 0x34

 # mark **packets** going out of containers, before the routing decision
	iifname "docker*" ct mark 0x34 meta mark set 0x34
	iifname "br-*" ct mark 0x34 meta mark set 0x34
	iifname "tun0" ct mark 0x34 meta mark set 0x34
	iifname "incus*" ct mark 0x34 meta mark set 0x34
	iifname "veth*" ct mark 0x34 meta mark set 0x34
 }

 chain output {
 type route hook output priority mangle; policy accept;

 # Restore meta mark for locally generated host traffic
 ct mark 0x34 meta mark set 0x34
 }
}

Step Three: Policy-based Routing

Now that each incoming connection, and outgoing packet is marked excellently, all we have to do is steer them toward the VPS's gateway instead of the VPN's.

First, we create a table named keep_connections that routes all the traffic through our VPS's gateway, then we will send all the marked packets towards it.

The first script, at /usr/local/bin/wg-post-up.sh, creates the routing table and forces the marked packets to use it.

#!/bin/bash
set -xeu

PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
RTTABLE="52 keep_connections"
grep -qxF "$RTTABLE" /etc/iproute2/rt_tables || echo "$RTTABLE" >> /etc/iproute2/rt_tables

GW4=$(ip route show default dev enp0s6 | awk '{print $3}')
if [ -z "$GW4" ]; then
 echo "wg-post-up: no default gateway found on enp0s6, aborting" >&2
 exit 1
fi

ip route replace default via "$GW4" dev enp0s6 table keep_connections

# Priority 40: must beat wg-quick's own rule so marked
# traffic bypasses the tunnel instead of racing it.
ip rule add fwmark 52 table keep_connections priority 40 2>/dev/null || true

# You can whitelist any destination IP you like to see your original IP whether the traffic is generated from processes in your host or containers, here 9.9.9.9 is white-listed as an example:
ip route replace table 51820 9.9.9.9 via 10.0.0.1 dev enp0s6 || true

The second script, at /usr/local/bin/wg-pre-down.sh removes the white-listed IP rule from WireGuard's table:

#!/bin/bash
ip route del table 51820 9.9.9.9 || true

The last script, at /usr/local/bin/wg-post-down.sh, removes the rule and table we have created, making our system treat the marked packets as normal ones.

#!/bin/bash
set -xeu

PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
ip rule del fwmark 52 table keep_connections 2>/dev/null || true
ip route flush table keep_connections 2>/dev/null || true

Using these scripts and making them executable by running chmod +x =/usr/local/bin/wg*, we change our WireGuard config to run them:

[Interface]
#...
Table = 51820
PostUp = /usr/local/bin/wg-post-up.sh
PreDown = /usr/local/bin/wg-pre-down.sh
PostDown = /usr/local/bin/wg-post-down.sh

and at last, we're ready to start the WireGuard on our server safely by running sudo systemctl start wg-quick@wg0

AI-generated stuff

I didn't use AI to write this blog post, but here are some niceties to have from AI:

Flowchart of Our Packets

AI-generated nftables Primer

nftables organizes rules into tables, which hold chains, which hold rules. A chain only runs if it's attached to a hook — a point in the kernel's packet-processing path. The five hooks, in the order a packet can pass through them:

prerouting — before any routing decision, sees every packet arriving on any interface (including bridges for containers)
input — packets destined for a local process on this host
forward — packets being routed through this host to somewhere else (this is what containers behind a bridge normally use)
output — packets generated by a local process on this host
postrouting — right before a packet leaves an interface

Each chain also has a priority (we used mangle, which runs early — before NAT and filtering) and a type: filter for normal accept/drop decisions, route for chains that need to trigger a fresh routing lookup after you touch the packet, only output chain can have type route.

Two mark types matter here, and mixing them up is the most common source of bugs:

ct mark — attached to the connection (persists for its lifetime, shared by every packet in that flow)
meta mark (often just called the packet mark, or fwmark) — attached to an individual packet, and it's the only one ip rule can actually match on

The pattern in this post is exactly that split: mark the connection once when it arrives (ct mark), then on every subsequent packet copy that connection mark onto the packet mark (meta mark) right before a routing decision happens, so ip rule fwmark ... can catch it.

How to tunnel all your traffic through a socks5 proxy in Linux?

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Mon, 25 May 2026 15:14:38 +0330

Ever wanted to traffic all your traffic through a socks5 proxy and couldn't? Well you're in luck! Here's the script that creates two files:

An xray json file you can run using xray -c config.json
A WireGuard config that connects to the locally-served wireguard server set up by the command above, which you can fire up by `wg-quick client up`

#!/usr/bin/env bash

# Check if wg utility is installed
if ! command -v wg &> /dev/null; then
 echo "Error: 'wg' command not found. Please install wireguard-tools."
 exit 1
fi

# 1. Configuration & Key Generation
LISTEN_PORT=51820
SERVER_IP="127.0.0.1"
SOCKS_OUT_ADDR="127.0.0.1"
SOCKS_OUT_PORT=30808
FWMARK=51820 # Used to break the routing loop

ASSETS_DIR="${HOME}/.config/my_proxies"

# Generate Server Keys
SERVER_PRIV=$(wg genkey)
SERVER_PUB=$(echo "$SERVER_PRIV" | wg pubkey)

# Generate Client Keys
CLIENT_PRIV=$(wg genkey)
CLIENT_PUB=$(echo "$CLIENT_PRIV" | wg pubkey)

# 2. Generate Xray config.json (The Server Side)
cat <<EOF > config.json
{
 "log": { "loglevel": "warning" },
 "inbounds": [
 {
 "port": $LISTEN_PORT,
 "protocol": "wireguard",
 "settings": {
 "secretKey": "$SERVER_PRIV",
 "peers": [
 {
 "publicKey": "$CLIENT_PUB",
 "allowedIPs": ["10.0.0.2/32"]
 }
 ],
 "kernelMode": false
 },
 "tag": "wg-in"
 }
 ],
 "outbounds": [
 {
 "protocol": "socks",
 "settings": {
 "servers": [
 {
 "address": "$SOCKS_OUT_ADDR",
 "port": $SOCKS_OUT_PORT
 }
 ]
 },
 "tag": "socks-out"
 },
 {
 "protocol": "freedom",
 "settings": {},
 "streamSettings": {
 "sockopt": {
 "mark": $FWMARK
 }
 },
 "tag": "direct"
 }
 ],
 "routing": {
 "domainStrategy": "IPIfNonMatch",
 "rules": [
 {
 "type": "field",
 "inboundTag": ["wg-in"],
 "outboundTag": "direct",
 "domain": [
 "ext:geosite.dat:ir"
 ]
 },
 {
 "type": "field",
 "inboundTag": ["wg-in"],
 "outboundTag": "direct",
 "ip": [
 "ext:geoip.dat:ir"
 ]
 },
 {
 "type": "field",
 "inboundTag": ["wg-in"],
 "outboundTag": "socks-out"
 }
 ]
 }
}
EOF

# 3. Generate client.conf (For the WireGuard App)
cat <<EOF > client.conf
[Interface]
PrivateKey = $CLIENT_PRIV
Address = 10.0.0.2/24
DNS = 9.9.9.9
FwMark = $FWMARK

[Peer]
PublicKey = $SERVER_PUB
Endpoint = $SERVER_IP:$LISTEN_PORT
AllowedIPs = 0.0.0.0/0
EOF

echo "---------------------------------------------------"
echo "Success! Configuration files have been generated:"
echo "1. config.json -> Move this to your Xray config folder."
echo "2. client.conf -> Import this into your WireGuard client."
echo "---------------------------------------------------"
echo "⚠️ CRITICAL: ASSET PATH CORRECTION"
echo "Xray does NOT support setting geoip paths inside config.json."
echo "You MUST start Xray with this environment variable so it finds your DAT files:"
echo ""
echo " export XRAY_LOCATION_ASSET=\"$ASSETS_DIR\""
echo " xray run -c config.json"
echo "---------------------------------------------------"
echo "⚠️ REMINDER: PREVENT ROUTING LOOPS FOR SOCKS"
echo "Because your WireGuard endpoint is pointed to localhost ($SERVER_IP),"
echo "you MUST manually add a route for your actual proxy server's physical IP"
echo "through your original local default gateway."
echo ""
echo "Run this command on your host machine before starting the tunnel:"
echo " sudo ip r add <PROXY_SERVER_PUBLIC_IP> via <YOUR_DEFAULT_GATEWAY_IP> dev <YOUR_NETWORK_INTERFACE>"
echo "---------------------------------------------------"

If you use NixOS's firewall you may need to enter this:

sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=2
sudo nft chain inet nixos-fw rpfilter { policy accept \; }
# and when you're done:
sudo nft chain inet nixos-fw rpfilter { policy drop \; }

And like the script says never forget to bypass your connection to your proxy:

sudo ip r add <PROXY_SERVER_PUBLIC_IP> via <YOUR_DEFAULT_GATEWAY_IP> dev <YOUR_NETWORK_INTERFACE>

The Courage to Be Disliked Summary

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Mon, 11 May 2026 23:19:04 +0330

The Courage to Be Disliked is a book written in a dialogue form between a young man and a philosopher. The book uses this Socratic form to teach us about Adlerian psychology.

We are All Subjective Beings

The book posists that we can never escape from our subjectivity, and that we ourselves choose how to interpret what we see and what meaning to attribute to it. For example a person who is short can see it as an advantage or a disadvantage, it's totally up to them. A diamond, too, could be seen as nothing but a small stone. Objective facts cannot be altered, but we can change our subjective interpretation as much as we like. Therefore, our attitude, how we see the world, is of utmost importance. Our present is not determined by our experiences in the past, but by the meaning we have attributed to them: “No matter what has occurred in your life up to this point, it should have no bearing at all on how you live from now on.”

The most important thing is not in what circumstances we were born, but on how we utilize the hands we're dealt. “It’s not what one is born with but what use one makes of that equipment”. Instead of focusing on the past and what could have been, we must focus on what we can do with our current equipment:

Freudian etiology is a psychology of possession, and eventually it arrives at determinism. Adlerian psychology, on the other hand, is a psychology of use, and it is you who decides it.

Etiology vs Teleology

We can approach psychology either through etiology or teleology (then there is logotherapy which focuses on the future). In Freudian psychology we tell ourselves stories of the past to study why we behave in a certain way. Etiology is studying the past to understand the causes of a behavior. In Adlerian psychology, however, it is suggested that we decide our behavior right now, and any decision on our part is because we have chosen to benefit from it. For example, the reason a NEET doesn't leave the house is not because of a past trauma or fear, but rather because they enjoy the comfort and attention they are paid by their parents, even if they're miserable in all other respects. The book stresses that there is no such thing as trauma and every one of our behaviors is used for a purpose. Studying what we hope to achieve by our current behavior is teleology, in other words: "People are not driven by past causes, but move toward goals that they themselves set". Instead of asking 'Why am I like this?' (Etiology), Adler asks 'What is my goal in acting this way?' (Teleology). This shifts the power back to the individual. Another example is being unhappy. If we're unhappy, it's because we actively choose being unhappy, and that we've judged it to be good for us. If there's something we want to change in ourselves, again, we're always able to do so, and the only reason we don't is because we are making the decision not to. By holding this view, we don't wait for others to change or the situation to change, we take the first step ourselves. The past and how we got here don't matter, and how we do from here on is our responsibilty. Here's another example from the book, about the son of a father who hit him in his childhood:

As long as I use etiology to think, It is because he hit me that I have a bad relationship with my father, it would be a matter that was impossible for me to do anything about. But if I can think, I brought out the memory of being hit because I don’t want my relationship with my father to get better, then I will be holding the card to repair relations. Because if I can just change the goal, that fixes everything.

"Lifestyle", one's worldview and outlook on life, is something the person chooses for themselves. If we don't change it, it's mostly because we've grow accustomed to it, and we fear that by going to uncharted territories we may get hurt. Anxiety is generated by changing, and disappointment by not changing, and most people usually choose the latter. In other words, most people are lacking in the courage to change and be happy.

Apparent Cause and Effect

The book offecs a poignant observation on "apparent cause and effect"—the way we contruct logical-sounding excuses to justify our stagnation. For example the book tells the story of a girl who created a fear of blushing to avoid proposing to a boy she liked and risking rejection. Many of us are guilty of the same crime. We come up with excuses every day, and force ourselves to see a as door closed, in order to escape the pain of trying and risking.

A parabole for an unwritten and procrastinating life itself:

I have a young friend who dreams of becoming a novelist, but he never seems to be able to complete his work. According to him, his job keeps him too busy, and he can never find enough time to write novels, and that’s why he can’t complete work and enter it for writing awards. But is that the real reason? No! It’s actually that he wants to leave the possibility of “I can do it if I try” open, by not committing to anything. He doesn’t want to expose his work to criticism, and he certainly doesn’t want to face the reality that he might produce an inferior piece of writing and face rejection. He wants to live inside that realm of possibilities, where he can say that he could do it if he only had the time, or that he could write if he just had the proper environment, and that he really does have the talent for it. In another five or ten years, he will probably start using other excuses like “I’m not young anymore” or “I’ve got a family to think about now.” YOUTH: I can relate all too well to how he must feel. PHILOSOPHER: He should just enter his writing for an award, and if he gets rejected, so be it. If he did, he might grow, or discover that he should pursue something different. Either way, he would be able to move on. That is what changing your current lifestyle is about. He won’t get anywhere by not submitting anything.

Life Is Not a Competition

Human beings are equal but not the same; this means that a math genius is no more valuable than a child who can't do simple arithmetic, or even a bedridden person with no activity. If we have a view that leads us to believe there is a competition going on, it will make us say words like "I lost to that person" or "I beat that person". In turn, we will see other people as enemies. We can't celebrate their happiness because their victory is our defeat, and this deprives us of a sense of community.

But every person has a sense that they need to grow even more, and a small amount of feeling lacking in a good quality is healthy for growth. Since we're equals, this healthy sense comes not from comparing ourselves with other people, but with comparing us with our ideal selves. Life is not a competition and we should move forward without competing with others. However, a problem is created when a healthy sense of inferiority becomes inferiority complex. In this case, we will use our sense of inferiority as an excuse, we will say things like "A happened so B can't", or "If it only weren't for A, I could have achieved B". These are all excuses/life-lies.

One may even not aim for success—perhaps to protect their leisure time or out of a deep-seated fear of failure. So while one might claim "the reality is that having a good education makes it easier to be successful in society." but "The real issue is how one confronts that reality. If what you are thinking is, I’m not well educated, so I can’t succeed, then instead of I can’t succeed, you should think, I don’t want to succeed." If we don't lack the courage, we will be diligent and find a solution to our problem. However, if we lack the courage, we will either boast about our misfortunes (saying things like 'you don't know what I've been through', like a baby who rules with his weakness), or get caught up in a superiority complex, boasting about the memories past.

Life-tasks

According to Adler, all problems are interpersonal problems. But not only our unhappiness is caused by interpersonal relationship, so is our happiness.

In Adlerian psychology, there are 2 objectives for human behavior: to be self-reliant, and to live in harmony with the society, which are supported by the two objectives of psychology: "I have the ability" and "People are my comrades". These two objectives can be achieved by facing "life tasks": tasks of work, tasks of love and tasks of friendship, all of which involve interpersonal relationships.

Courage and Worth

If one is not following through with their life-tasks, it is not because they're not able to, but because they have lost the courage to face their tasks. They should first realize that it is them who holds all the cards and decides what to do with them (have a teleological attitude and change the goal), and other people who want to help should use 'encouragement'. They should not judge the person or let assistance become intervention, but show by gratitude that they believe in them, that they value their relationship with them, and respect them. In Adler's view, "It is only when a person is able to feel that he has worth that he can possess courage", and courage is a prerequisite to change. But how can one feel like they have worth? It is when they feel "I am beneficial and making a contribution to the community" or that "I am of use to someone". However this feeling of worthiness doesn't have to be something at the level of acts, but at the level of being. We love our grandparents just by them being present, not but the things that they do for us. The same can be true for anyone, even NEETs. “People can be of use to someone else simply by being alive, and have a true sense of their worth just by being alive.”

How should we increase courage then? Acceptance, Confidence, Focusing on the Strength.

We should first accept who we are, just the way we are, and feel at ease with ourselves. We should also believe in ourselves and have the courage to take the step forward regardless of the outcome. This focus on the process of growth and journey, rather than the outcome is called encouragement.
We should form a belief within, that we're capable and we're 'enough' as long as we have the courage try. It is the antidote to inferiority complex and moves us from praise based on the outcome "I like it when I/you do well/achieve." to "I believe in my/your ability to handle this.", "I am worthy because I had the courage, regardless of the outcome".
By noticing on every small step that we get right, our confidence in ourselves increases and we may grow even more.

"The state of coming up with all manner of pretexts [excuses] in order to avoid the life tasks" is a “life-lie”. And life-lies aren't about being bad or evil, but about lacking courage. When telling a life-lie:

One shifts one’s responsibility for the situation one is currently in to someone else. One is running away from one’s life tasks by saying that everything is the fault of other people, or the fault of one’s environment. It’s exactly the same as with the story I mentioned earlier about the female student with the fear of blushing. One lies to oneself, and one lies to the people around one, too. When you really think about it, it’s a pretty severe term.

Happiness

Happiness deeply relates to the matter of self-acceptance. We are the unhappiest of all when we dislike ourself, but we can begin to like ourselves by using the feeling of community and being of use to other people, and by self-acceptance. Our effect of contribution need not be visible either, its just a feeling that we decide to have:

Does one accept oneself on the level of acts, or on the level of being? This is truly a question that relates to the courage to be happy

and

You are not the one who decides if your contributions are of use. That is the task of other people, and is not an issue in which you can intervene. In principle, there is not even any way you can know whether you have really made a contribution. That is to say, when we are engaging in this contribution to others, the contribution does not have to be a visible one—all we need is the subjective sense that “I am of use to someone,” or in other words, a feeling of contribution. … All human beings can be happy. But it must be understood that this does not mean all human beings are happy. Whether it is on the level of acts or on the level of being, one needs to feel that one is of use to someone. That is to say, one needs a feeling of contribution. … In a word, happiness is the feeling of contribution. That is the definition of happiness.

Note that this sense of being of use to the community is intrinsic, and is deeply different from being recognized and valued by others.

If one really has a feeling of contribution, one will no longer have any need for recognition from others. Because one will already have the real awareness that “I am of use to someone,” without needing to go out of one’s way to be acknowledged by others. In other words, a person who is obsessed with the desire for recognition does not have any community feeling yet, and has not managed to engage in self-acceptance, confidence in others, or contribution to others.

Separation of Tasks, and Avoiding of Judgement

Adlerian psychology denies the need for recognition from others, and states that one should neither rebuke, nor praise. If we seek recognition from others, we are living other people's lives, and letting them have the interpersonal relationship cards. "If you don't live your life, who is going to live it for you?" One might imagine that we at least need recognition from our parents, or God to live a good life, but this is false.

We need to continually separate our tasks from those of others. A simple way to see whose task it is, is to ask who's going to ultimately get the result from the choice being made. Even things that seem mundane, such as urging a child to study is not recommended, it is not the parent's tasks to study, just to lend a hand whenever they're asked. The child has no obligation to fulfill their parents' expectations either. When doing the right thing, how people construe our actions and feel as a result is not our task either, it is their task to choose their attitude. Also, we must be astute enough to know when to resign, if it is not our task, or if we're unable to change something, we must know when to resign. To be able to do so shows that we have a firm grasp on the truth of things.

Freedom is being disliked by other people. We must not be afraid of being disliked. Behaving in a decent manner is our task, but whether other people like us or not is not. It is not our task to fulfill other people's expectations. Freedom is resisting one's instincts and impulses, a stone is powerless once it has begun to roll downhill, but we are not stones.

Community

Adler put great emphasis on the feeling of community, on the feeling of "having one's refuge" and "it's okay to be here", that other people (and even animals and objects) are our comrades. It is when we realize that "I" is not the center of the world and when we switch from self-interest to concern for others that are we are the most happy. It is through active commitment to the community of one's accord that this happens, not by simply being there. Instead of "What will this person give me?", we will ask "What can I give to this person".

The relationships we build in the community should be horizontal, meaning that in its basis we must treat and be treated as equals. It is for this reason that we don't praise other people, praising (as well as rebuke) is a form of manipulation. We must not praise or rebuke, but encourage and express confidence in one another and gratitude. We could even treat our friends in a vertical manner:

Even if you are not treating them in a boss-or-subordinate kind of way, it is as if you are saying, “A is above me, and B is below me,” for example, or “I’ll follow A’s advice, but ignore what B says,” or “I don’t mind breaking my promise to C.”

But this undermines the very purpose of relationships, as "the final goal of interpersonal relationships is a feeling of community".

For community feeling, "self-acceptance", "confidence in others", and "contribution to others" is required.

Self-acceptance is not "I can" or "I am strong", it is not self-affirmation, but acknowledging our not being perfect and trying anyway.
Confidence is different from trust, in the sense that confidence is a form of belief that requires no surety and is unconditional. The opposite of confidence is doubt, and one should not doubt the ability of their friends and loved ones.
Contribution to others happens not as a self-sacrifice which is something Adler denies, but as a way to get a sense of community, and feeling worthy, dedicated to a cause greater than ourselves.

Concept	Definition	The "Shift"
—	—	—
Self-Acceptance	Acknowledging imperfection without self-affirmation lies.	From "I must be special" to "I am enough as I am."
Confidence	Unconditional belief in others without requiring surety.	From "I trust you if…" to "I believe in you regardless."
Contribution	The subjective sense of being of use to the community.	From "What do I get?" to "What can I give?"
Teleology	The study of the purpose behind current behaviors.	From "I am stuck because of my past" to "I choose this for a goal."

Life is a Series of Dots

There is much merit in accepting to be normal, and normal doesn't mean incapable. Both children that try to get excellent grades and those who try to attract attention by problem behavior are in search of being a "special being". However, pursuit of superiority is an unhealthy attitude. Avoiding perfectionism and accepting to be a normal being is an important part of self-acceptance. People who pursue superiority are tentative in their being, 'en route' to some destination. They can't rest until they arrive, but life is not a competition but a journey to be enjoyed. Life is not a line (kinetic) but a series of dots (energeial). If you finished a marathon using a helicopter that'd be pretty meaningless, so life is not a marathon, but a dance:

Life is a series of moments, which one lives as if one were dancing, right now, around and around each passing instant. And when one happens to survey one’s surroundings, one realizes, I guess I’ve made it this far. Among those who have danced the dance of the violin, there are people who stay the course and become professional musicians. Among those who have danced the dance of the bar examination, there are people who become lawyers. There are people who have danced the dance of writing and become authors. Of course, it also happens that people end up in entirely different places. But none of these lives came to an end “en route.” It is enough if one finds fulfillment in the here and now one is dancing.

In a dance one is engaged in each moment, and it is enough that we do what we can do now, earnestly and conscientiously, but in doing so we must not get too serious and keep our lives simple.

For example, one wants to get into a university but makes no attempt to study. This an attitude of not living earnestly here and now. Of course, maybe the entrance examination is still far off. Maybe one is not sure what needs to be studied or how thoroughly, and one finds it troublesome. However, it is enough to do it little by little—every day one can work out some mathematical formulas, one can memorize some words. In short, one can dance the dance. By doing so, one is sure to have a sense of “this is what I did today”; this is what today, this single day, was for. Clearly, today is not for an entrance examination in the distant future. … And the same may be said with regard to your own life. You set objectives for the distant future, and think of now as your preparatory period. You think, I really want to do this, and I’ll do it when the time comes. This is a way of living that postpones life. As long as we postpone life, we can never go anywhere and will pass our days only one after the next in dull monotony, because we think of here and now as just a preparatory period, as a time for patience. But a “here and now” in which one is studying for an entrance examination in the distant future, for example, is the real thing. … The greatest life-lie of all is to not live here and now.

Life's meaning is what we attribute to it. We have freedom in the meaning we assign to it and the choices we make, and our guiding star in these is contributing to the community:

Regardless of the circumstances, we must take some form of action. We must stand up to Kant’s “inclination.” Now, suppose one experiences a major natural disaster, and one’s response is to look back at the past in an etiological manner and say, “What could have caused such a thing to happen?” How meaningful would that be? An experience of hardship should be an opportunity to look ahead and think, What can I do from now on?

Misc

Adler believed in holism, meaning that we can't separate ourselves from our emotion, or somehow make us think of us as being cosisted of different systems.

PHILOSOPHER: Suppose, for instance, that there is a certain Mr. A whom you don’t like because he has some flaws that are hard to forgive. YOUTH: Ha-ha, if we’re looking for people I don’t like, there’s no shortage of candidates. PHILOSOPHER: But it isn’t that you dislike Mr. A because you can’t forgive his flaws. You had the goal of taking a dislike to Mr. A beforehand and then started looking for the flaws to satisfy that goal. YOUTH: That’s ridiculous! Why would I do that? PHILOSOPHER: So that you could avoid an interpersonal relationship with Mr. A.

Summary of Man's Search for Meaning

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Sun, 10 May 2026 14:54:47 +0330

"Man's Search for Meaning" is about the experiences and philosophy of Viktor Frankl, a concentration camp survivor. As a psychiatrist who endured many atrocities, he uses his observations in the camp to claim that life remains meaningful and worthwhile even under the most extreme circumstances. As we have freedom, not in conditions of life, but in how we respond to life, we get to choose to become a saint or a swine, not as the effect of the environment, but because of our freedom to choose. One's attitude is the ultimate liberty that cannot be taken away from us, and what makes life meaningful under the most extreme circumstances.

His answer to the famous question of "life's meaning" is similar to that of Tolstoy's famous 'Three Questions' story. Just like a chess game that has no best move in general, but a best move at every moment, so does life. The best thing we can do, and the meaning of our life is determined by the moment we are facing now and how we decide to respond to life's circumstances. Therefore, it is not that we ask what's the meaning of life, but that we get to know what life asks of us, and whether we wish to endure hardships and live it with much dignity.

He claims that human life usually derives its meaning from one of these:

Being creative and actually creating something, such as authoring a book
Interpersonal relationships, like the joy of seeing one's child, or loving another person
While the most important thing is to be creative and change the root cause of our suffering, if need be, just facing an unchangeable hardship with great dignity and courage, learning to change ourselves and grow spiritually as a result is a worthy meaning.

As a result, life remains valuable in all circumstances, and we can "say yes to life, in spite of everything". One reason that every life is valuable and meaningful is that we don't know everything. He points out that since we do not know everything about this world, there might be a supermeaning to our life, a meaning beyond our comprehension. Therefore, we must try our best at all times.

He also warns against trying to live in the past. While one can do so in moderation, doing so excessively may cause us to lose sight of the opportunity of growth that is in front of us. Every difficulty is a chance to test our inner strength and a chance to grow and reach inner triumph. It is of utmost importance that we believe (a belief, a kind of faith as William James would put it) in the future. "The prisoner who had lost faith in the future—his future—was doomed. With his loss of belief in the future, he also lost his spiritual hold; he let himself decline and became subject to mental and physical decay."

Frankl believes that human's main concern is not to seek pleasure or avoid pain, but to see a meaning in one's life. He reports that it wasn't the bulky men who survived at the end, but those who had a goal beyond themselves such as writing a book only they could write, or seeing their children again.

That is why people sometimes even choose to suffer. And it is how one can restore a man’s inner strength in the camp, by showing him some future goal. Nietzsche’s words, “He who has a why to live for can bear with almost any how,” could be the guiding motto for all psychotherapeutic and psychohygienic efforts regarding prisoners. Whenever there was an opportunity for it, one had to give them a why—an aim—for their lives, in order to strengthen them to bear the terrible how of their existence. Woe to him who saw no more sense in his life, no aim, no purpose, and therefore no point in carrying on. He was soon lost. The typical reply with which such a man rejected all encouraging arguments was, “I have nothing to expect from life any more.” What sort of answer can one give to that?

What was really needed was a fundamental change in our attitude toward life. We had to learn ourselves and, furthermore, we had to teach the despairing men, that it did not really matter what we expected from life, but rather what life expected from us. We needed to stop asking about the meaning of life, and instead to think of ourselves as those who were being questioned by life—daily and hourly. Our answer must consist, not in talk and meditation, but in right action and in right conduct. Life ultimately means taking the responsibility to find the right answer to its problems and to fulfill the tasks which it constantly sets for each individual."

Frankl's philosophy extends beyond the camps. Jerry Long is another logotherapist. He, a quadriplegic who became a university professor, says:

Once, after speaking to a large audience, I was asked if I ever felt sad because I could no longer walk. I replied, "Professor Frankl can hardly see, I cannot walk at all, and many of you can hardly cope with life. What is crucial to remember is this - We don't need just our eyes, just our legs, or just our minds. All we need are the wings of our souls and together we can fly.

Reading this book I think I found my answer to a question I have had for a long time. While people are equal and cannot be compared due to different circumstances, ceteris paribus, what makes another person better than the other? "It is a question of the attitude one takes toward life’s challenges and opportunities, both large and small." People should be an active designer of their life story by making good decisions in every single moment of their life, determining how they want their life to look like.

How to copy text from remote server to clipboard?

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Thu, 19 Mar 2026 13:06:02 +0330

First define this bash function:

# Add to remote ~/.bashrc
clip() {
 # Read from stdin, encode to base64 (disable wrapping with -w 0), 
 # and wrap in the OSC 52 escape sequence.
 local b64
 b64=$(cat | base64 -w 0)
 printf "\033]52;c;%s\a" "$b64"
}

or for fish:

function clip
 # Read from stdin, encode to base64, and save to a local variable
 set -l b64 (cat | base64 -w 0)
 # Output the OSC 52 sequence directly to the terminal
 printf "\033]52;c;%s\a" "$b64"
end

Then you can easily run:

cat file.txt | clip

Note that if you use tmux you should allow clipboard:

set-clipboard on

How to Allocate swap in GNU/Linux?

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Thu, 19 Feb 2026 14:17:41 +0330

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail
SIZE="1G" # To be determined by the user: either B or G
SWAP_ADDR="/swapfile"
FSTAB="/etc/fstab"

if [ ${UID} -ne 0 ]; then
 echo "Must run as root" >&2
 exit 1
fi

if [ -e "${SWAP_ADDR}" ]; then
 echo "Swapfile already exists" >&2
 exit 1
fi

echo "Allocating ${SIZE} at ${SWAP_ADDR}..."
fallocate -l "${SIZE}" "${SWAP_ADDR}"
echo "Setting permissions..."
chmod 600 "${SWAP_ADDR}"

echo "Enabling swap..."
mkswap "${SWAP_ADDR}"
swapon "${SWAP_ADDR}"

if grep -qF "${SWAP_ADDR}" "$FSTAB"; then
 echo "Entry already present"
else
 echo "Adding the entry to ${FSTAB}"
 printf "%s\t\tnone\t\tswap\t\trkswap\t0\t0\n" "$SWAP_ADDR" >> "$FSTAB"
 echo "Added."
fi

echo "Current status:"
swapon --show

NixOS Python Packages that Depend on C shared libraries

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 15:48:27 +0330

If you see this error:

Importing the numpy C-extensions failed. This error can happen for
many reasons, often due to issues with your setup or how NumPy was
installed.

We have compiled some common reasons and troubleshooting tips at:

 https://numpy.org/devdocs/user/troubleshooting-importerror.html

Please note and check the following:

 * The Python version is: Python 3.13 from ""
 * The NumPy version is: "2.4.2"

and make sure that they are the versions you expect.

Please carefully study the information and documentation linked above.
This is unlikely to be a NumPy issue but will be caused by a bad install
or environment on your machine.

Original error was: libstdc++.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

Install appimage-run and then run this:

export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="/nix/store/vfsghxsap24k8gcg4z4dbp42av6hdbr0-appimage-run-fhsenv-rootfs/usr/lib64"

مانع

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Sun, 15 Feb 2026 15:58:31 +0330

مثالی که در مورد کارهای سخت در قوانینم نوشتم اینه:‌«کارهای سخت مثل دوش آب سردن، بعد از ۵ ثانیه‌ی اول انجامشون آسون میشه». من اصولا دوش آب سرد می‌گیرم،‌ یعنی جهت شیر آب همیشه به صورت تمام و کمال به سمت آب سرده مگر اینکه سرماخورده باشم. امروز بعد چند مدت دوش با آب گرم به علت سرماخوردگی، برگشتم به آب سرد. نکته اینجا بود که چون از این عادت فاصله گرفته بودم، انجامش برام سخت‌تر از پیش بود. از خودم می‌پرسیدم که اصلا این کار چه ضرورتی داره؟‌ آیا لازمه به خودم سختی بدم در حالی که زندگیم در نقاط دیگه‌اش به اندازهٔ کافی سختی داره؟ سعی داشتم خودم رو منصرف کنم. از طرفی عمیقا تردید داشتم که بتونم واقعا دوش آب سرد بگیرم. می‌دونستم که بارها این کار رو کردم، زیر آب‌های سرد خوابگاه یا آب‌های خیلی سرد خونه دووم اورده بودم، از پنج ثانیه تا مدت‌های طولانی و چندین دقیقه، ولی باز هم به طرز عجیبی به خودم شک داشتم. نکنه چون مدتیه فاصله گرفتم دیگه نمی‌تونم دوش آب سرد بگیرم؟ در عین حال قانون همیشگیم رو به خودم یادآوری کردم: «فقط ۵ ثانیه میرم زیر دوش آب سرد و دیگه نمیرم.» ۵ ثانیه رفتم و سخت بود، بعد از ۵ ثانیه از زیر آب خودم رو کنار کشیدم. با این حال همون ۵ ثانیه بهم شهامت داد و تردید رو کنار گذاشتم. توی این شستشو هم مثل بقیهٔ حمام‌رفتن‌های قبل از سرماخوردگیم، از آب گرم هیچ استفاده‌ای نکردم. حالا تمام این‌ها رو ننوشتم که روایت شستن خودم رو بازگو کنم، نوشتم که از «مانع» یا اون چیزی که خارجی‌ها بهش مقاومت یا Resistance می‌گن بگم. وقتی داشتم با یکی درمورد اهمال‌کاری و انجام‌دادن‌ کارهای با اولویت پایین می‌گفتم، اون به چیزهایی مثل ترس از شکست، ترس از شکستن تجسم خود بی‌نقص، گفتن اینکه «من تمام تلاشم رو نکردم پس این من نیستم که خفن نیست بلکه فقط نمیخواستم و تلاش نکردم» اشاره می‌کرد. نکته اینجا بود که من مدت‌هاست هیچ‌وقت هیچ‌کدوم رو با صدای بلند به خودم نگفتم. مطمئن نبودم که آیا درست میگه یا نه چون هیچ مدرکی از این افکار در من نبود. بعد به اون مانع و سد ذهنی قبل از رفتن زیر دوش آب سرد فکر کردم. توی لحظاتی که آدم مردده که بره زیر دوش آب سرد یا نه، ذهن خالیِ خالیه. هیچ اثری از فکر درش نیست. فقط بدوی‌ترین احساساتن که توی زمان‌هایی که ذهنت خالیه، تردید داری و نزدیک آب سردی فریاد می‌زنن رفتن زیر دوش آب سرد دردناکه. حتی ذهن هم خودش تصویرسازی می‌کنه برات که اگر بری زیر دوش آب سرد و آب بریزه روی پشتت قطره قطره‌اش قراره اذیت کنه. هیچ کدوم از این احساسات تبدیل به فکر نمی‌شن، خیلی قبل‌تر از اون برات یک مانع می‌سازن. اینکه بری رمزگشایی کنی که چه احساساتی برات مانع میسازن با خودته،‌ ولی خبر خوب اینه که راه حل معلومه: کافیه پنج ثانیه به هر طریقی که شده خودت رو بندازی توی دل ترست.

ترجمهٔ فارسی Todo Cambia

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Tue, 20 Jan 2026 00:19:29 +0330

یک آهنگ بسیار زیبای اسپانیایی هست که توی ذهنم پخش میشه و دوست دارم براتون ترجمه‌اش کنم. ممکنه براتون سوال شه آیا اسپانیایی بلدم؟ جواب اینه که نه D:

Cambia lo superficial

آنچه سطحی است دگرگون می‌شود

Cambia también lo profundo

آنچه عمیق است نیز دگرگون می‌شود

Cambia el modo de pensar

شیوه تفکر آدم‌ها عوض می‌شود

Cambia todo en este mundo

همهٔ موجودات دنیا تغییر می‌کنند

Cambia el clima con los años

آب و هوا با گذر سال‌ها تغییر می‌کند

Cambia el pastor su rebaño

چوپان گله‌اش را تغییر می‌دهد

Y así como todo cambia

و از آنجایی که همه چیز باید تغییر کند

Que yo cambie no es extraño

اینکه من تغییر کنم عجیب نیست

Cambia el más fino brillante

زیباترین درخشش تغییر می‌کند

De mano en mano su brillo

هنگامی که از دستی به دستی دیگر می‌رود

Cambia el nido el pajarillo

پرندهٔ کوچک لانه‌اش را تغییر می‌دهد

Cambia el sentir un amante

احساسات یک عاشق هم تغییر می‌کند

Cambia el rumbo el caminante

رَه‌رو مسیرش را تغییر می‌دهد

Aunque esto le cause daño

اگرچه ممکن است برایش آسیب‌زا باشد

Y así como todo cambia

و از آنجایی که همه چیز باید تغییر کند

Que yo cambie no es extraño

اینکه من تغییر کنم عجیب نیست

Cambia, todo cambia

تغییر می‌کند، همه چیز تغییر می‌کند

Cambia, todo cambia

تغییر می‌کند، همه چیز تغییر می‌کند

Cambia, todo cambia

تغییر می‌کند، همه چیز تغییر می‌کند

Cambia, todo cambia

تغییر می‌کند، همه چیز تغییر می‌کند

Cambia el sol en su carrera

خورشید در مسیر خود تغییر می‌کند

Cuando la noche subsiste

وقتی که شب پایدار می‌ماند

Cambia la planta y se viste

گیاه تغییر می‌کند و جامه‌ی

De verde en la primavera

سبز رنگ بهاری‌اش را از تن به در می‌کند

Cambia el pelaje la fiera

پوستین حیوانات تغییر می‌کند

Cambia el cabello el anciano

موی افراد سالخورده نیز؛

Y así como todo cambia

و از آنجایی که همه چیز باید تغییر کند

Que yo cambie no es extraño

اینکه من تغییر کنم عجیب نیست

Pero no cambia mi amor

اما عشق من تغییر نمی‌کند

Por más lejos que me encuentre

هرچقدر هم که به دوردست‌ها سفر کرده باشم

Ni el recuerdo ni el dolor

نه خاطره و نه دردِ

De mi pueblo y de mi gente

هم‌وطنانم و دیارم تغییری نمی‌کنند

Lo que cambió ayer

آنچه دیروز تغییر کرد

Tendrá que cambiar mañana

باید فردا نیز تغییر کند

Así como cambio yo

همان‌طور که من تغییر می‌کنم

En esta tierra lejana

در این سرزمین دور

منابع اینترانت ایران

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Wed, 07 Jan 2026 20:27:21 +0330

DNS

ریشه (فقط ریشه):
- I: 192.36.148.17 2001:7fe::53
- K: 193.0.14.129 2001:7fd::1
فیزیک نظری:
- 194.255.152.12
- 194.255.152.10
زیرساخت:
- 217.218.127.127
- 217.218.155.155
وزارت ارتباطات:
- 10.202.10.10
- 10.202.10.11
مبین‌نت
- 10.202.10.10
- 10.44.8.8
آسیاتک
- 185.51.200.2
- 185.51.200.3
شاتل
- 91.239.100.100
- 89.233.43.71
- 85.15.1.14
- 85.15.1.15
همراه اول
- 208.67.220.200
- 208.67.222.222
ایرانسل
- 10.255.255.254
- 109.69.8.51
- 74.82.42.42
مخابرات
- 2.188.21.90
- 2.188.21.100
- 2.188.21.240
الکترو
- 78.157.42.100
- 78.157.42.101
پیشگامان
- 5.202.100.101
- 5.202.100.100

217.218.127.104
217.218.127.105
217.218.127.106
217.218.155.105
217.218.155.105
217.218.155.106
217.219.0.104
217.219.96.104
217.219.192.104
217.219.128.104
217.219.224.104
217.219.64.104
217.219.160.104
217.219.157.2
217.219.72.194
2.185.239.133
2.185.239.134
2.185.239.136
2.185.239.137
2.185.239.138
2.185.239.139
217.219.103.5
78.38.23.216
85.185.6.3
217.219.132.88
217.219.133.21
80.191.209.105
80.191.40.41
93.115.231.100
95.80.184.184
185.109.74.85
185.164.73.148
185.164.73.180
217.219.250.200
217.219.250.201
217.219.250.202
185.64.179.89
194.60.210.66
5.145.112.38
5.145.112.39
89.144.144.144
217.219.187.3
5.200.200.200
185.186.242.161
78.39.101.186
185.229.29.214
185.229.29.215
185.23.131.73
37.156.29.27
31.130.180.120
185.113.59.253
31.47.37.35
31.47.37.92
79.175.176.42
80.75.5.100
217.218.234.221
194.36.174.161
78.38.122.12
85.185.85.6
80.191.233.17
80.191.233.33
217.218.127.127
217.218.155.155
213.176.123.5
185.187.84.15
194.225.62.80
92.42.49.43
185.128.139.128
185.128.139.139
185.51.200.10
185.51.200.2
185.51.200.50
185.51.200.6
185.161.112.33
185.161.112.34
185.161.112.38
31.24.234.34
31.24.234.35
31.24.234.37
94.139.190.190
81.163.3.1
81.163.3.2
45.159.151.220
82.99.202.164
91.98.124.109
91.98.64.222
82.99.242.155
91.99.101.12
91.99.96.158
185.55.225.25
185.55.226.26
185.53.143.3
81.91.144.190
37.19.90.62
37.19.90.65
91.245.229.1
91.245.229.2
94.183.42.232
188.158.158.158
188.159.159.159
185.20.163.2
95.38.61.50
2.188.166.22
5.160.211.66
178.22.122.100
185.98.113.113
185.98.114.114
185.98.115.135
37.156.145.18
37.156.145.21
37.156.145.229
77.238.109.196
185.81.41.81
5.202.100.100
5.202.100.101
5.202.100.102
5.202.100.99
5.202.122.222
46.224.1.42
46.224.1.43
31.24.200.1
31.24.200.2
31.24.200.3
31.24.200.4
178.215.3.142
78.38.117.206
85.185.67.235
171.22.26.14
185.8.173.236
78.157.40.157
78.157.40.158
194.225.125.12
194.225.152.10
194.225.73.141
185.11.70.174
185.83.197.154
85.185.157.2
185.231.182.126
185.97.117.187
2.189.44.44
2.188.21.130
81.91.144.116
87.107.110.108
37.32.5.60
46.245.89.51
185.143.235.253
212.80.20.243
212.80.20.244

To open google's services if google is whitelisted:

216.239.38.120 youtube.com
216.239.38.120 i.ytimg.com
216.239.38.120 www.youtube.com
216.239.38.120 content-autofill.googleapis.com
216.239.38.120 signaler-pa.clients6.google.com
216.239.38.120 waa-pa.clients6.google.com
216.239.38.120 addons-pa.clients6.google.com
216.239.38.120 drivefrontend-pa.clients6.google.com
216.239.38.120 peoplestack-pa.clients6.google.com
216.239.38.120 people-pa.clients6.google.com
216.239.38.120 lh3.google.com
216.239.38.120 drive-thirdparty.googleusercontent.com
216.239.38.120 play.google.com
216.239.38.120 android.clients.google.com
216.239.38.120 google.com
216.239.38.120 www.google.com
216.239.38.120 calendar.google.com
216.239.38.120 mail.google.com
216.239.38.120 gmail.com
216.239.38.120 accounts.google.com
216.239.38.120 accounts.youtube.com
216.239.38.120 oauth2.googleapis.com
216.239.38.120 youtube.googleapis.com
216.239.38.120 www.googleapis.com
216.239.38.120 www.google-analytics.com
216.239.38.120 colab.research.google.com
216.239.38.120 ssl.gstatic.com
216.239.38.120 fonts.googleapis.com
216.239.38.120 drive.google.com
216.239.38.120 appsgenaiserver-pa.clients6.google.com
216.239.38.120 feedback-pa.clients6.google.com
216.239.38.120 www.google-analytics.com
216.239.38.120 appsgrowthpromo-pa.clients6.google.com
216.239.38.120 meet.turns.goog.
216.239.38.120 meet.turns.goog
216.239.38.120 meet.turns.google
216.239.38.120 signaler-pa.clients6.google.com
216.239.38.120 lh3.googleusercontent.com
216.239.38.120 fonts.gstatic.com
216.239.38.120 onepick-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
216.239.38.120 www.gstatic.com
216.239.38.120 www.googletagmanager.com
216.239.38.120 clients1.google.com
216.239.38.120 clients2.google.com
216.239.38.120 clients3.google.com
216.239.38.120 clients4.google.com
216.239.38.120 clients5.google.com
216.239.38.120 clients6.google.com
216.239.38.120 ogads-pa.clients6.google.com
216.239.38.120 optimizationguide-pa.googleapis.com
216.239.38.120 play.google.com
216.239.38.120 apis.google.com
216.239.38.120 hangouts.clients6.google.com
216.239.38.120 meetings.clients6.google.com
216.239.38.120 ogs.google.com
216.239.38.120 meetings.googleapis.com
216.239.38.120 meet.google.com 
216.239.38.120 lh3.googleusercontent.com
216.239.38.120 gemini.google.com
216.239.38.120 console.cloud.google.com
216.239.38.120 contacts.google.com

Mirrors

Programming Languages

Rust

https://index.rust-meetup.ir/

Docker

proxychains-ng Alternative

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Mon, 05 Jan 2026 01:32:24 +0330

Use Tor project's oniux instead (maybe in the future, it hasn't worked for me yet)

Poor Man's VPN: How to Use Reverse SSH for Quick NAT Traversal

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Sat, 03 Jan 2026 23:53:49 +0330

Suppose you want to connect from PC A to PC B, and neither have a pubilc IP. How can you do that? One way is to use iroh-ssh, it's neat but currently they don't support custom relays so it's a deadend in more restricted networks. But if you own a VPS, you can actually can connect these two.

Assuming you have installed autossh on B, create a systemd service on it as well /etc/systemd/system/autossh-ssh.service:

[Unit]
Description=AutoSSH Service
After=network.target

[Service]
Type=simple
User=user
Environment=AUTOSSH_GATETIME=0
ExecStart=/usr/bin/autossh -M 0 -N -o "ServerAliveInterval 30" -o "ServerAliveCountMax 10" -o "ExitOnForwardFailure yes" -o "AddressFamily inet" -o "TCPKeepAlive no" -R localhost:REMOTE_SSH_PORT_ON_VPS:localhost:SSH_PORT_OF_B -i YOUR_KEY_ADDRESS USER@VPS -p VPS_SSH_PORT
Restart=always
RestartSec=5
KillMode=process # Ensure child processes are not killed

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

Then enable it using sudo systemctl enable autossh-ssh. Now it will always keep a connection to your VPS and expose its SSH port on your VPS's localhost:REMOTE_SSH_PORT_ON_VPS (localhost can be changed to your VPS's static IP if that's what you need). Now you can connect to B on your VPS.

If you need B's SSH port on A, you have to port forward: ssh user@VPS_IP -p VP_SSH_PORT -L localhost:REMOTE_SSH_PORT_ON_A:localhost:REMOTE_SSH_PORT_ON_VPS, which means you can connect to B from A: ssh user@localhost -P REMOTE_SSH_PORT_ON_A. Q.E.D!

Side note: If for whatever reason you can't connect to B, then go to your VPS, kill the SSH that is responsible for the REMOTE_SSH_PORT_ON_VPS. After some time B will create a fresh connection which has a better likelihood of good connection.

Side note: If you own a VPS maybe you're not so poor monetarily but rather temporarily, since you don't have time to deal with Wireguard and so on.

Update: Just use yggdrasil instead.

Bluetooth Audio Troubleshooting in Linux

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Fri, 02 Jan 2026 01:41:43 +0330

Assuming you use pipewire:

journalctl --user -f -u pipewire -u wireplumber
pw-top (look for error column)
btmgmt --index 0 info
btmon
journalctl -u bluetooth
From here:
- pw-metadata -n settings 0 clock.force-rate <samplerate>
- pw-metadata -n settings 0 clock.force-quantum <buffersize>
- Confirm the actuall sample rate and buffer size? pw-metadata -n settings

Kernel related:

sudo dmesg | grep -i blue
lsmod | grep bt
modinfo -p btusb
grep . /sys/module/btusb/parameters/*
lsusb | grep -i blue

پسوند «یک» در فارسی، و «وک» در نیشابوری

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 19:55:18 +0330

توی گویش نیشابوری یک پسوند هست که در فارسی اونقدر پررنگ نیست. اونم «ـوک» ه تلفظشم مثل ok در took توی انگلیسیه تقریبا. توی فارسی معادلش ـیک ه. مثلا شما تار/نزد رو دارید بعد ازش تاریک/نزدیک رو می‌گیرید. جوری که توی وب خوندم خود این پسوند از فارسی میانه میاد و با ique مثل تکنولوژیک فرانسوی هم‌ریشه است.

خلاصه با همین پسوند که توی فارسی مرده، میشه خیلی چیزا ساخت. پسوند ـی برای ساخت صفت از اسم توی خیلی جاها جواب نمیده. سر همین مثلا پیشنهاد دادن به‌جای گرفتن «بیضوی» از بیضی و «هذلولوی» از هذلولی بگیم «بیضیک» و «هذلولیک». یک سری کلمه‌های خوشگل و باکلاس هم میشه ساخت با این پسوند، مثل «دانشیک» به‌معنی علمی.

توی گویش نیشابوری هم چندین تا کلمه هست که ساختشون جالبه.

پیر -> پیروک (پیرمانند مثلا پوستی که چروکیده باشه)
باد -> بَدوک (کسی که پرباده، پر از فخرفروشیه)
جیغ -> جیغوک (کسی که زیاد فریاد میزنه)
ترسو -> تُرسُنوک (کسی که زیاد می‌ترسه)
پورچَنه (پرچانه) -> پورچُنوک (کسی که زیاد حرف میزنه)
چرب -> چوربوک (صفت ظرفای چرب)
چسبنده -> چُسبُندُنوک (نوچ، چسب‌مانند)
زرد > زردوک (بیمار)
گوز -> گَوزوک (گوزو 😁) / چس -> چسّوک (به همین معنی)
ریخ (فضولات انسانی) -> ریخوک (آنکه زیاد بریند)
خیل (آب دماغ) -> خیلّوک (کسی که آب دماغش میزنه بیرون)
عَل‌لُ‌توک (یعنی مریض نمیدونم از چی ساخته شده، احتمالا از علیل میاد)
لپوک (هندونه یا خربزه رسیده)

حدس‌های بی‌ربط خودم:

چوب‌جیک (پرنده‌ای که روی چوب جیک‌جیک می‌کند) بدهد چوب‌جیغک که بدهد -> چغوک (گنجشک)
ناز -> نَزوک (که بدهد همون نازک فارسی)

ایدهٔ وبسایت: اگر کسی حال داشت می‌تونه بهم پیام بده خرد خرد و در درازمدت با هم یک سایت بسازیم برای گردآوری لهجه‌های مختلف ایران.

PWN Cheatsheet

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Sun, 16 Nov 2025 23:30:51 +0330

x86_64 Assembly

%rax is a reference to rax register.
$0x4 is a constant.
0(%esp) or (%esp) is the value loaded from the memory address that is stored in %esp.
12(%esp) dereferences memory 12 bytes above the address contained in ESP
mov A,B, B is changed to become A. A's value is -> put into B.
- This is AT&T x86 syntax (what GDB uses). In this syntax the destination register comes last. In RISC-V assembly the opposite is true.
push A adds A as the last element of the stack, decreases the value of rsp/esp by one word (since the stack grows from high to low).
pop rax/eax removes the last element of the stack, copies into rax/eax increases the value of rsp/esp by one word (since the stack grows from high to low).
jmp is equivalent to mov rip, target_address
call is equivalent to push rip(old return address) and jmp dst_func.
ret is equivalent to pop rip(old return address) which is jmp src_func.
Because stack grows from high addresses to low addresses:
- sub $8,%rsp increases stack size.
- add $8,%rsp decreases stack size.

Stack

Backgroud

Each byte is 8 bits.
Each word is 4 bytes in 32-bit systems and 8 bytes in 64-bit systems.
Each register can store one word.

Registers

Pointing to the code section

rip/eip is the instruction pointer, and it stores the address of the machine instruction currently being executed (code section). In RISC-V, this register is called the PC (program counter).

Pointing to the stack section

rbp/ebp is the base pointer, and it stores the address of the base of the current stack frame. In RISC-V systems, this register is called the FP (frame pointer).
rsp/esp is the stack pointer, and it stores the address of the last element of the current stack frame. In RISC-V, this register is called the SP (stack pointer).

General Purpose Registers

16 general purpose registers in 64-bit systems: RAX, RBX, RCX, RDX, RSI, RDI and R8 to R15.
6 general puprose registers in 32-bit systems: EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX, ESI, EDI.

Argument	Register (64-bit)
Arg 1	%rdi
Arg 2	%rsi
Arg 3	%rdx
Arg 4	%rcx
Arg 5	%r8
Arg 6	%r9

Little Endian or Big Endian

Address numbers point to bytes.
Using little endian 0x44332211 will be stored like 0x11 0x22 0x33 0x44 in memory, meaning that the most signifcant byte has the highest address number (the memory starts from 0x0 to 0x3, and 0x44 is stored at 0x3).

Function Call in x86

See the photos in UC Berkeley's CS161 Textbook

Function args are pushed into the stack. (or onto the general registers such as rdi, rsi, rdx, rcx if SysV x86-64)
Return address (old rip) is pushed into the stack.
Function jump happens (rip = new rip)
The new function pushes old rbp onto the stack.
Previous frame's rbp becomes the current rsp (old function's last element is the new functions bottom)
rsp is grown to fit the new function.
The new function does whatever it does
At the end of the new function's run, we are at its rbp, which is the old one's rsp. Previous frame's rsp is the present frame's rbp.
Old rbp is poped back.
Old rip is poped back.
Decrease the size of the stack by the size of args.

Example C code

void foo(int a, int b) {
 int bar[4];
}

int main(void) {
 foo(1, 2);
 return 0;
}

Which gives the following assembly:

0000000000001129 <foo>:
 1129:	55 	push %rbp // Step 4. RBP is saved on the stack right below RIP (saved in the previous step).
 112a:	48 89 e5 	mov %rsp,%rbp // Step 5. The new stack base is the previous stack pointer.
 112d:	89 7d ec 	mov %edi,-0x14(%rbp) // Foo saves first arg into its own stack to free up %edi 
 1130:	89 75 e8 	mov %esi,-0x18(%rbp) // Foo saves second arg into its own stack to free up %esi
 1133:	90 	nop // Alignment, could be Step 6. =sub $N, %rsp= & Step. 7 if our function involved anything.
 // Since Step. 6 didn't take place, rsp didn't change.
 // therefore =mov %rsp, %rbp= (Step 8) is not run either.
 // We could change this behavior using gcc flag -mno-red-zone
 1134:	5d 	pop %rbp // Step 9. Old RBP is restored
 1135:	c3 	ret // == pop %rip which is Step 10. Old RIP is restored
 // Step 11. doesn't happen since in the x86-64 ABI, since the caller
 // passed arguments in registers, there is nothing on the stack for
 // the caller to clean up

0000000000001136 <main>:
 1136:	55 	push %rbp // This is step 4 since main is not the starting function and is being called from _start
 1137:	48 89 e5 	mov %rsp,%rbp // this is also step 5 but we don't analyze main.
 113a:	be 02 00 00 00 	mov $0x2,%esi // Step 1. Saving args (from right to left): 2 
 113f:	bf 01 00 00 00 	mov $0x1,%edi // Step 1. Saving args (from right to left): 1 
 1144:	e8 e0 ff ff ff 	call 1129 <foo> // Step 2. RIP is pushed on the stack. Step 3. RIP is changed to the func address of foo (00001129).
 1149:	b8 00 00 00 00 	mov $0x0,%eax
 114e:	5d 	pop %rbp
 114f:	c3 	ret

Binary Background Check

Purpose	Command
Check security properties (NX bit, dynamic vs static)	`rabin2 -I a.out`
List functions imported from shared libraries	`rabin2 -i a.out`
Find functions likely written by the programmer	`rabin2 -qs a.out` piped to `grep -ve imp -e ' 0 '`
Find strings	`strings a.out` or (better) `rabin2 -z split`

Return Oriented Programming

Finding ROPs

With ROPGadget:

ROPgadget --binary libc.so.6 --only "add|jmp" > output # in case you're looking for add followed by jump for example, otherwise remove
cat output | grep 'add rdi, 0x10 ; jmp rc'

With Ropper:

ropper --file ./libc.so.6 --search "add rdi, 0x10; jmp rcx"

Misc

PLT (Procedure Linkage Table): a small trampoline in the binary used for calls to external (dynamically linked) functions. Calls in the code go to func@plt; the PLT entry jumps to the real function address found in the GOT (or invokes the dynamic resolver on first call).
GOT (Global Offset Table): a writable table of addresses in the binary. Each GOT slot holds the runtime address of a library function (or other dynamic symbol). The dynamic linker/loader fills GOT entries the first time a PLT entry is used (or at load time, depending on RELRO).
They let the loader resolve and redirect calls to shared-library functions without embedding fixed library addresses in the code (works with ASLR and dynamic linking).

Memory Alignment

Why it happens: to give data to the CPU/CPU cache in one read instead of two

Sources

Disclaimer: Some of the sentences here are a direct copy of the links below, so I don't own their copyright. Follow the original sources.

How To Run Any CLI Program Over a TCP Socket, or How To Run a CTF?

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Fri, 14 Nov 2025 19:08:32 +0330

If you want to run a CTF sometimes you'd like to give telnet access to a program to the participants. How do people do that?

Well here's the gist of it. Run the following docker build file using docker compose build and you'll be done. The binary file chal, and flag.txt should be in the same directory.

FROM debian:latest
ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND noninteractive

RUN apt-get update -y && \
 apt-get install -y socat && \
 apt-get clean && \
 rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

RUN useradd -u 1001 -d /home/user -s /bin/bash user

WORKDIR /home/user

COPY chall /home/user/
COPY flag.txt /home/user/

RUN chmod 111 /home/user/chall
RUN chmod 444 /home/user/flag.txt
RUN chmod -R 555 /home/user

EXPOSE 1337
ENTRYPOINT ["socat", "TCP-LISTEN:1337,reuseaddr,fork,nodelay,su=user", "EXEC:'timeout 180 ./chall'"]

You could change ./chall part to yes for example and see that any client that connects to that socket over telnet sees a lot of "y"s :)

نظرات خواندنی هکرنیوز درمورد تحریم‌ها بر ایرانیان

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Mon, 27 Oct 2025 16:59:24 +0330

یک آقای مهربون ایرانی توی اینترنت درمورد تجربه‌ی تلخ ما ایرانی‌ها زیر تحریم نوشته و حسابی دیده شده و صحبت شده درموردش. دوست داشتید ببینید.

و خب جالبه که ما صدایی نداریم. یعنی بار اوله دارم می‌بینم درمورد اثر تحریم‌ها بر زندگی ایرانی‌های صحبت بشه توی جامعه‌ی فنی خارجی‌ها.

بحث خارجی‌ها درمورد تحریم‌ها جالبه ولی خود مطالب دوستمون برای هر ایرانی خاطره است. با این حال چیزی که از خوندنش یاد گرفتم اینه: تحریم باید با پاسخ HTTP شماره‌ی ۴۵۱ (منع قانونی) گفته بشه نه ۴۰۳ (منع کلی). عدد ۴۵۱ هم از کتاب بسیار معروف «فارنهایت ۴۵۱» میاد که درمورد کتاب‌سوزی و سانسوره :)

نظر نمونه:

The sad part about living in Iran from a technology perspective is you are often blocked from both sides. Often you have to circumvent the government's aggressive internal firewall and other times you will have to hide your IP from the service providers.

On the bright side, your average Iranian grandma can immediately work as a network engineer given the amount of experience she has with VPN protocols.

😂😂😂

How to apply SOCKS5 proxy for docker pull?

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Sun, 26 Oct 2025 17:06:24 +0330

First open /etc/docker/config.json then add the following data in it:

 {
 "proxies":
 {
 "default":
 {
 "httpProxy": "socks5h://127.0.0.1:30808",
 "httpsProxy": "socks5h://127.0.0.1:30808",
 "noProxy": "localhost,127.0.0.1"
 }
 }
 }

After restarting your docker service using systemctl restart docker the change will be done.

For docker build the story is different and you can use the following command to apply it per command, docker run example is included too:

docker build --build-arg HTTP_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:30808" .
docker run --env HTTP_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:30808" redis

If these methods don't work, you can also do this:

mkdir -p /etc/systemd/system/docker.service.d
cat > /etc/systemd/system/docker.service.d/proxy.conf <<EOF
[Service]
Environment="HTTP_PROXY=socks5://127.0.0.1:30808"
Environment="HTTPS_PROXY=socks5://127.0.0.1:30808"
EOF
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart docker docker.service

How to Highlight the Syntax of Code in Anki Flash Cards?

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Thu, 18 Sep 2025 12:32:52 +0330

Are you looking for a way to highlight the syntax of code in your Anki flash cards? Use prismjs.com's libraries.

Here's a guide: https://www.ganesshkumar.com/articles/2023-06-10-enhancing-anki-decks-with-prismjs/

مستند پایتون، و زنان در فناوری

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Wed, 17 Sep 2025 19:26:32 +0330

امروز بالاخره وقت کردم و مستند پایتون رو دیدم. مستند جالبیه توضیح میده زبان پایتون چه شکلی به‌وجود اومده و همه‌ی این مسائل.

تصویر برگرفته از اینجا

ولی جدا از مسائل تاریخچه‌ای، سه نکته‌ی جالب داشت برام:

یکم، خالق پایتون، آقای خیدو فان روسوم در اصل هلندیه و زمانی که زبان رو خلق می‌کنه در هلند زندگی می‌کرده. خودش توی مستند می‌گه که وقتی پایتون رو منتشر کردم ۹۹٪ آدمایی که باهاشون صحبت می‌کردم توی آمریکا بودن پس برای پیشرفت بیشتر مهاجرت کردم به آمریکا.

دوم، با اینکه زبان پایتون تا سال ۲۰۱۸ تمامی تصمیماتش توسط شخص آقای خیدو گرفته می‌شده ولی سال ۲۰۱۸ استعفا میده از مقامش و الان تصمیمات زبان پایتون رو یک کمیته‌ی ۵ نفره می‌گیرن که با رای‌گیری انتخاب می‌شن.

سوم، یک قسمت مستند که به شخصه برام خیلیییی زیبا بود دیدنش؛ و حکایت از شخصیت بسیار عالی خالق پایتون داره، قسمتی مرتبط با حضور زنان بود. حتما سعی کنید اصلش رو از یوتیوب ببینید (از این ثانیه)، یک بخش مستقله و نیازی نیست قبلش رو ببینید. اگر ندیدید، خلاصه‌ی زیر رو بخونید:

سازنده‌ی زبان پایتون آقای خیدو فان روسوم، داشته توی گوگل کار می‌کرده (نصف وقتش رو برای توسعه‌ی زبان پایتون میذاشته و نیمی از وقتش رو برای کارهاش در گوگل) که یک روز یک تی‌شرت توی جعبه‌ی پستیش در گوگل می‌گیره که روش نوشته Python is for girls. اون موقع متوجه میشه که چقدر جای زنان توی جامعه‌ی پایتون خالیه و مثلا فقط ۱٪ ارائه‌دهنده‌های کنفرانس پایتون توی سال ۲۰۱۱ خانم بودن. مشکل رو پی می‌گیره و این عدد توی سال ۲۰۱۶ به ۴۰٪ می‌رسه 🚀

توی سال ۲۰۱۵ هم آقای خیدو توی ارائه‌اش در کنفرانس پایتون اعلام می‌کنه که هدفش اینه که سال بعدی حداقل دوتا خانم توسعه‌دهندهٔ هسته‌ی پایتون باشن. و حاضره حتی خودش هر هفته وقت بذاره و اون خانم رو آموزش بده. خانمی به اسم ماریتا اونجا بوده و با خودش می‌گه که نه من ارزشش رو ندارم و نمی‌تونم. سال ۲۰۱۶ که دوباره کنفرانس برگزار میشه، خیدو میگه هیچ خانمی اعلام آمادگی نکرده و هنوزم حاضره که اگر خانمی داوطلب بشه آموزش بده. ماریتا داوطلب میشه و یک سال بعدش دسترسی commit به هسته‌ی پایتون می‌گیره 🎉

دیدن ویدئو حال و هوایی دیگه داره چون قشنگ میشه استرس و اون احساسات منفی‌ای که باعث می‌شده اون خانم و خانمای دیگه داوطلب نشن برای این کار رو توی چهره‌ی ماریتا خوند. خلاصه دم آقای خیدو گرم هم بابت زبان پایتون و هم بابت شخصیت بزرگش.

و در نهایت هم باید بگم که تازه کشف کردم اسم زبان پایتون از گروه کمدی مانتی‌پایتون میاد و نه مار پایتون :) ولی بسته‌ی آناکوندا علت نام‌گذاریش اینه که توی حیطه‌ی کلان‌داده است و آناکوندا هم یک مار بزرگه.

مطلب زیر هم با اجازه از صاحب متن، از این کانال تلگرامی برداشتم و به نظرم خیلی درسته:

«چند روز پیش توی محل کار به شوخی صحبت این شد که تیممون (خصوصا بعد از مهاجرت دو تا از دخترهای تیم به خارج از کشور) چقدر مردونه شده و یه مشت انسان مذکر دور هم جمع شدیم و واسه تیم‌سازی حتی می‌تونیم بریم استخر و پارک آبی و خلاصه هی با هم شوخی‌های لوس و بی‌مزه می‌کردیم و هارهار می‌خندیدیم. . بعدتر من فکری شدم که چرا دایورسیتی جنسیتی کلا بخش‌های فنی یه دست نیست. نه توی شرکت ما که توی اکثر شرکت‌های Tech اگه دقت کنی، بیشتر نیروهای فنی (و البته مدیریتی) آقا هستند و خانم‌ها توی بخش‌های دیگه مثل HR یا بخش مالی و اداری و … حضور پررنگ‌تری دارن؟

این گوشه ذهنتون باشه تا یه چیز دیگه بگم…

خیلیا می‌دونن که من قدیم‌ترها سالیان سال توی مدارس تیزهوشان تدریس برنامه‌نویسی می‌کردم و البته توی چند سال اخیر علارغم میل شخصی، فرصت نشده دیگه هیچ‌ مدرسه‌ای برم و صرفا تک و توک پنج‌شنبه جمعه‌ها برای تنوع و حال دل خودم، خصوصی تدریس کردم. تقریبا درصد خیلی زیادی از شاگردهای من پسر بودن. و به ندرت به دخترها درس می‌دادم. معمولا هم اولیا و خود بچه‌ها از نحوه تدریسم راضی بودن و من هیچ وقت، هیچ جا و به هیچ‌ شکلی، تبلیغی برای کلاسام نداشتم و همگی معرفی خود خونواده ها به همدیگه بوده.

منتهی به نظر خودم اقبالی که بین پسرها داشتم، پیش دخترها نداشتم. یعنی از نحوه پیشرفت کلاسم با دخترها کمتر راضی بودم. این مشکل رو معمولا به این ربط می‌دادم که احتمالا ذهن دخترها آمادگی کمتری برای پیشرفت توی مباحث منطقی و الگوریتمی داره و یحتمل توی جاهای دیگه قوی‌تره. یه درصدی از مشکل رو هم البته کنار گذاشته بودم که چون با پسرها راحت‌تر هستم و البته تجربه خیلی بیشتری دارم، پس خروجی کارم هم در مورد پسرها بهتره و واسه دخترا هنوز قلق کار دستم نیومده! . مدت کمیه با یه دختری کلاس دارم. دختر خیلی باهوشی که فرانسه و انگلیسیش عالیه و از جلسه اول هم هوش و استعدادش مشخص بود. منتهی توی این یکی دو ماهی که باهاش کار کرده بودم، هر سری از سختی سوالات و تمرین‌ها شاکی بود و گاهی بود که هی می‌گفت که آٍقا من اینو تقریبا بلد بودم. بعد من می‌گفتم پس چرا هیچ کدی نزدی؟ که معمولا جواب درستی براش نداشت. امروز پنج‌شنبه تصادفا از روی یکی از draft های کدش فهمیدم که این بشر چیزای خوبی هم می‌نوشته و تا حد خوبی به جواب نزدیک می‌شده و بعد پاکش می‌کرده و همش غر می‌زده که هیچی نمی‌فهمه! و من خیلی شانسی اینو کشف کردم!

این اعصابم رو یکم خط‌خطی کرد که چرا باید این مدلی باشه و دختری با این استعداد اعتماد به نفس کافی رو نداشته که اون برنامه نصفه نیمه رو به من نشون بده! یکم سرچ کردم و یه تدتالک جالبی پیدا کردم که توی پست بعدی خلاصشو و لینکشو می‌ذارم و تقریبا حس می‌کنم تا حد خوبی جواب این مساله همین باشه و برای خودم زیبا و جالب بود.

تصویر بالا متعلق به خانومیه به اسم Reshma Saujani که یه خانم آمریکاییه که البته همونطور که از اسمشم مشخصه یکم رگ و ریشه هندی هم داره و زن باکمالاتیه. کارای زیادی کرده و کله‌اش زیاد باد داشته که حالا ما کاری نداریم. ولی گویا اینم این مشکل شکاف جنیستی رو توی شرکت های فناوری درک کرده و به همین خاطر سال ۲۰۱۲ یه سازمان تاسیس کرده به اسم Girls Who Code. که هدفش این بوده که با آموزش مهارت های برنامه نویسی به دخترا و برگزاری سمینار و کارگاه و کوفت و زهرمار این شکاف رو یکم پر کنه.

توی این تدتالکی که ایشون صحبت کرده و من در ادامه لینکشو می‌ذارم، مشخصه طرف مثل من پرحرفه و توی سخنرانیش هم بنده خدا از هر دری یه صحبتی می کنه. ولی یه بخشیش که فوکوس می‌کنه روی این مساله ضعف دخترها توی برنامه نویسی، خیلی جالبه.

می گفت که مشکل اصلی اینه که نگاه تربیتی ما به پسرها اینه که باید شجاع بار بیان، ریسک کنن و از اشتباه نترسن. اما برعکس در مورد دخترها نگاه غالب اینه که بی نقص باشن و این ارزش رو براشون بولد می‌کنن. و به زیبایی می‌گه که خیلیا توی آمریکا نگران کسری بودجه فدرال هستن ولی من نگران کسری شجاعت هستم!

و صحبت از یه آزمایش روانشناسی می‌کنه که خیلی سال پیش انجام شده در مورد دانش آموزای کلاس پنجمی که نتیجه‌اش این بوده که دخترهای باهوش خیلی زودتر مساله و چالشی که باهاش درگیر هستن رو رها می‌کنن و هرچی ضریب هوشی‌شون بالاتر، احتمال رها کردن کار هم بیشتره! برعکس پسرها که کلا حال می‌کنن کار سخت رو باهاش درگیر بشن و ازش انرژی می‌گیرن و تازه وقتی گیر کنن خیلی بیشتر تلاش می‌کنن. چون کلا روحیشون از اول برای ریسک‌پذیری آماده شده برعکس دخترها که به واسطه ارزش بی‌نقص بودن مجبور بودن که همیشه محتاط‌تر باشن.

یه جای حرفش هم برای من خیلی جالب بود و شبیه تجربه‌ام توی کلاس خودم بود. می‌گفت که توی موسسه‌اش یکی از دخترها اومده به معلمش گفته من اصن نمی‌دونم چه دستوری باید بنویسم؟ و معلم هم به صفحش نیگاه کرده و دیده که کلا صفحش خالیه و تصور می کنه که کل زمانی که اون دختر فرصت داشته رو انگار به صفحه خالی زل زده! ولی بعد چندباری دکمه کنترل زد رو می‌زنه و می بینه که دانش آموزش چندین بار برنامه رو نوشته و گاهی خیلی هم به جواب نزدیک شده بوده ولی به خاطر یکی دو تا مشکل کلشو پاک کرده بوده چون جواب دقیق و کامل رو به دست نیاورده بوده. و در واقع ترجیح داده به جای اینکه روندی که توی حل مساله پیش رفته رو نشون بده، هیچ چیزی نشون نده!

حتی یه مثال جالبی زده از استاد یه دانشگاه کلمبیا که جاوا تدریس می‌کرده. و می‌گفته که وقتی پسرها توی یه تکلیف به مشکل می‌خوردن، با یه ادبیاتی شبیه اینکه «استاد یه مشکلی توی کد من هست» سوالشونو مطرح می‌کردن. ولی دخترا معمولا اینجوری می‌گفتن که «استاد من یه مشکلی دارم!» و همین هم تفاوت نگاه پسرها و دخترها رو تا یه حدی نشون میده.

و خلاصه آخرش زیبا نتیجه گرفته که برای دخترها فقط آموزش برنامه نویسی کافی نیست و باید اون‌قدر شجاعتشون رو زیاد کنیم که از برنامه اشتباه نترسن. از سوال کردن و راهنمایی گرفتن هم نترسن. و اینجوریه که احتمالا به جایگاه واقعیشون توی جامعه نزدیک‌تر بشن.

پی‌نوشت: اگه فرصتشو داشتید فیلم صحبت‌ها رو کامل ببینید چون مثال‌های جالب دیگه ای هم داشت. . و در کل اگه دور و برتون توی دوست و آشنا دختر جوونی هست که اول راهه، خیلی خوبه که تشویقش کنید که جسارتشو زیاد کنه. ریسک پذیر باشه و از سوال کردن و نشون دادن مشکلش نترسه. باشد که آینده‌ی بهتری در انتظارش باشه.

لینک ویدیوی تدتالک: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fC9da6eqaqg

لینک موسسه‌ای که اون خانومه راه انداخته: https://girlswhocode.com/ »

How to fix SVGs for dark mode?

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Tue, 16 Sep 2025 18:30:06 +0330

This one's easy. I'm assuming that SVG is imported using an img tag.

Open your SVG file in beloved VIM or Emacs's evil mode. Do this:

:%s/stroke="rgb(0,0,0)"/stroke="currentColor"/
:%s/fill="rgb(0,0,0)"/fill="currentColor"/

Or you could just use sed. Anyway, then add

style="background: #ffffff; background-color: light-dark(#ffffff, var(--ge-dark-color, #000000)); color-scheme: light dark;"

to the top of your SVG file in your svg tag, here's a diff from my own blog's commits:

-<svg version="1.2" width="44.92mm" height="130.98mm" viewBox="0 0 4492 13098" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid" fill-rule="evenodd" stroke-width="28.222" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:ooo="http://xml.openoffice.org/svg/export" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:presentation="http://sun.com/xmlns/staroffice/presentation" xmlns:smil="http://www.w3.org/2001/SMIL20/" xmlns:anim="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:animation:1.0" xmlns:svg="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:svg-compatible:1.0" xml:space="preserve">
+<svg style="background: #ffffff; background-color: light-dark(#ffffff, var(--ge-dark-color, #000000)); color-scheme: light dark;" version="1.2" width="44.92mm" height="130.98mm" viewBox="0 0 4492 13098" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid" fill-rule="evenodd" stroke-width="28.222" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:ooo="http://xml.openoffice.org/svg/export" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:presentation="http://sun.com/xmlns/staroffice/presentation" xmlns:smil="http://www.w3.org/2001/SMIL20/" xmlns:anim="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:animation:1.0" xmlns:svg="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:svg-compatible:1.0" xml:space="preserve">

باور

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Thu, 04 Sep 2025 14:48:09 +0330

قسمت اول، یادداشت‌برداری بسیار نامرتب من از متن آقای ویلیام جیمز درمورد باوره و قسمت دوم از مقالهٔ ارزش زندگیه. برای قسمت دوم این متن خلاصه‌ی زیباتریه.

باور بدون مدرک

نمیشه با اراده باور کرد (مثلا که ابراهام لینکلن واقعی نیست یا درد نداریم وقتی چاقو خوردیم)
با اینکه به بعضی چیزا باور داریم ولی نمیدونیم چرا. احتمالا تاثیر محیط اطرافه. مثلا به ملکول باور داریم چون پرستیژ باورداشتن بهش خوبه. اکثر اوقات باورمون به باور داشتن اطرافیان وابسته است.
حتی اینکه یک حقیقت وجود داره رو هم نمیشه مطمئن بود (Pyrrhonistic) و برای این بهش باور داریم که جامعه ازمون همایت می‌کنه.
پس ما به چیزهایی باور نداریم که به کارمون نمیاد. مثلا برای یک نفر مسیحیت به دردش نمیخوره پس بهش باور نداره. اگر یکی بیاد مثلا بگه تله‌پاتی هست ممکنه دانشمندها مسخره‌اش کنن ولی اگر بیاد این رو همراه با یک کاربرد به دانشمندها بگه یا کاری که بتونن باهاش بکنن دانشمندا بهش توجه می‌کنن.

نتیجه‌گیری «بخش‌های غیرانتلکتی ما، بر باورهای ما اثرگذارند»

بعضی از تمایلات و کشش‌ها به سمت بعضی باورها فقط بعد از یک باور رخ میدن مثلا شرط پاسکال اینطوریه که برای یک مسیحی باعث تقویت ایمان میتونه باشه و بسیار باورپذیر ولی برای بقیه نه.
برای یک شواهدگرا مهم نیست که یک منشا ایده اشتباه بوده یا درست، ‌مهم اینه که آیا مشاهدات بعدیش تاییدش می‌کنن یا نه و ادامه میده به درست بودن اون ایده یا نه. اگر ادامه داد پس برای اون شخص درسته.
دو شیوه‌ی فکر کردن وجود داره:‌ یکی اینکه باید حقیقت رو پیدا کنیم، یکی اینکه باید از خطا بپرهیزیم. توی عقیده‌ی کسایی که با مسیحیت مخالفن میگن که باید حتما دلایل کافی داشت تا باور کرد و تا مدارک کافی نباشه، باور کردن اشتباهه. این طرز تفکر باعث میشه که انسان به کمتر چیزی باور داشته باشه. ولی اونایی که از خطا پرهیز می‌کنن میتونن حدس‌های زیادی درمورد حقیقت بزنن و باور داشته باشن، و باورهاشون رو در مسیر اگر با مدرک اشتباه بودن مواجه شدن عوض کنن.

در واقع نویسنده بر این باوره که بهتره از اشتباه نترسید. مثل ژنرالی نباشید که به سربازهاش میگه که نجنگید که زخمی نشید. بهتره رفت و باور داشت اگر غلط بود ضربه دید و بعد باور رو عوض کرد. هر زمان که فرق بین از دست دادن حقیقت و به‌دست آوردنش مهم نباشه، میتونیم تصمیم بگیریم که تا زمان به دست اوردن مدرک قطعی کلا بیخیال حقیقت شیم تا اقلا فریب نخوریم، توی کار یک قاضی معمولا این شکلیه و تصمیم‌نگرفتن میتونه یک گزینه باشه، یا درمورد روابط انسانی اینکه یک گزینه رو انتخاب کنیم ولی مدام حواسمون به مدارک له و علیهش هم باشه. علم دقیقا اینطوریه و همیشه هر دو جانب رو به دقت نگاه می‌کنه و بیشتر علاقه‌مند به اینه که بشه به صورت تکنیکی چیزی رو تایید کرد. و قدرتش هم از همین میاد.

زمانی که مجبور به انتخاب نیستیم، بهترین شیوه همین شکاک بودنه تا اینکه فریب نخوریم. اما سوال اینه که در زمان‌هایی که باید انتخاب کنیم، آیا عاقلانه است که بی‌عمل باشیم و تا زمانی که مدارک پیدا نشه دست به انتخاب نزنیم؟

درمورد سوال‌های اخلاقی، زمانی برای یافتن پاسخ با مدرک وجود نداره، چون علم می‌تونه به ما بگه که «چه چیزی وجود دارد» ولی پاسخ اینکه چه چیزی ارزشمندتره رو نداره. در این موقع ما باید اونطور که پاسکال می‌گه به قلبمون گوش کنیم. (پاسکال: La coeur a ses raisons que la raison ne cannait pas) اینکه آیا باید باورهای اخلاقی داشته باشیم یا نه با اراده‌ی ما مشخص می‌شه. آیا ترجیحات اخلاقی درستن یا غلط، آیا خوب و بد برای ما فقط تعریف میشه درحالی که در واقعیت امور بی‌تفاوتن؟ تنها با مغز نمیشه تصمیم گرفت. اگر قلب شما نخواد به دنیای اخلاقی باور کنه مغزتون هم نخواهد پذیرفت. مشابه اینکه در زمینه‌ی دانش میشه شکاک بود، در زمینه‌ی اخلاق هم میشه همینطور بود.

حالا اگر روابط انسانی رو در نظر بگیریم، مثلا این سوال که آیا از من خوشت میاد یا نه، علاقه هیچ وقت تحقق پیدا نمی‌کنه مگر اینکه حدی از اعتماد رو نشون بدی، (رویکرد اینکه اول باور می‌کنم و سعی می‌کنم با دیدن شواهد بعدی گول نخورم در مقابل رویکرد اینکه اول مدرک بیاد تا باور کنم) اگر منتظر مدارک بمونی عمل نخواهی کرد و علاقه‌ای هم شکل نخواهد گرفت. بنای اکثر گروه‌های اجتماعی هم همین شکلیه. مثلا اگر یک گروه باور داشته باشن که انقلاب میشه میشه و اگر فکر کنن که با بیان انقلاب قطعا سرکوب میشن و صدمه می‌بینن سمت این کار نمیرن. بنا براین مواردی وجود دارند که «یک حقیقت نمیتونه واقعیت پیدا کنه مگر اینکه از پیش باوری به تحققش وجود داشته باشه» در این حالات «باور به یک حقیقت اون حقیقت رو محقق می‌کنه» بنابراین برای حقایقی که وابسته به کنش‌های شخصی ماست، ایمان مبتنی بر خواستن، کاملا مجاز و احتمالا بخش جدانشدنی‌ای از زندگیه. قاعده‌ی فکر کردنی که مرا از باور به برخی حقایقی که ممکن است درست باشند باز بدارد، قاعده‌ی بدی است. ما حق داریم که با ریسک خودمان، به فرضیاتی که برای ما به‌اندازه‌ی کافی «زنده» و جذاب هستند تا اراده‌ی ما را وسوسه‌کنند، باور داشته باشیم. اگر ما مطلق‌گرا بودیم(مدعی بودیم که میدانیم و زمانی که قطعا حقیقت را پیدا کرده‌ایم متوجه می‌شویم)، مشکلی نبود که صبر کنیم تا مدارک کافی پیدا شود ولی از آنجایی که مدرک‌گرا هستیم، اگر تعلل کنیم، همانقدری از دست می‌دهیم که اگر باور نکنیم.

What do you think of yourself? What do you think of the world?… These are questions with which all must deal as it seems good to them. They are riddles of the Sphinx, and in some way or other we must deal with them…. In all important transactions of life we have to take a leap in the dark…. If we decide to leave the riddles unanswered, that is a choice; if we waver in our answer, that, too, is a choice: but whatever choice we make, we make it at our peril. If a man chooses to turn his back altogether on God and the future, no one can prevent him; no one can show beyond reasonable doubt that he is mistaken. If a man thinks otherwise and acts as he thinks, I do not see that any one can prove that he is mistaken. Each must act as he thinks best; and if he is wrong, so much the worse for him. We stand on a mountain pass in the midst of whirling snow and blinding mist, through which we get glimpses now and then of paths which may be deceptive. If we stand still we shall be frozen to death. If we take the wrong road we shall be dashed to pieces. We do not certainly know whether there is any right one. What must we do? 'Be strong and of a good courage.' Act for the best, hope for the best, and take what comes…. If death ends all, we cannot meet death better.

آیا زندگی ارزش زیستن داره؟

بعضیا دیدگاهشون اونقدر خوش‌بینانه است که زندگیشون جز شادی چیزی نداره، اگر زندگی اینطور باشه سوال اینکه آیا زندگی ارزش زیستن داره بی‌‌معنیه چون خود زندگی به اون اثبات ارزش زیستن. مثلا شعر والت ویتمن اینطوریه سبک دیدگاهش. حتی اگر چنین دیدگاهی داریم خوبه که زندگی افراد پرغم رو تصور کنیم چون ساخت ما با اون‌ها یکسانه.

حالا بیاید انسانی رو تصور کنیم که انقدر بداقبال بوده و پر رنج که جز فکر اینکه هر وقت خواست میتونه زندگی رو پایان بده چیزی تسکینش نمیده، چه چیزی میشه به این شخص گفت تا دوباره بار زندگی رو به دوش بکشه؟ از دید اشخاص دیندار معتقد به قوانین آسونه: باید بگین خدا خودکشی رو منع کرده. از دید اشخاص دیگه چی؟‌ ویلیام جیمز ادعا می‌کنه که لازمه که باور داشته باشیم (بدون هیچ مدرک و شاهدی) که این اعمال ما در دنیا، اثراتی تا ابد ماندگار دارن و به نتایجی ابدی ختم می‌شن، در این حالت می‌شه در بدترین شرایط هم زیست و خوشحال بود، چون مادامی که هدف نیک بودن، نیکی کردن و زیستن اخلاقی در این دنیا تأمین بشه، زندگی ارزشمند خواهد بود.

Not a victory is gained, not a deed of faithfulness or courage is done, except upon a maybe; not a service, not a sally of generosity, not a scientific exploration or experiment or text-book, that may not be a mistake. It is only by risking our persons from one hour to another that we live at all. And often enough our faith beforehand in an uncertified result is the only thing that makes the result come true. Suppose, for example, that I am climbing in the Alps, and have had the ill-luck to work myself into a position from which the only escape is by a terrible leap. Being without similar experience, I have no evidence of my ability to perform it successfully; but hope and confidence in myself make me sure I shall not miss my aim, and nerve my feet to execute what without those subjective emotions would perhaps have been impossible. But suppose that, on the contrary, the emotions of fear and mistrust preponderate; or suppose that, having just read the Ethics of Belief, I feel it would be sinful to act upon an assumption unverified by previous experience,—why, then I shall hesitate so long that at last, exhausted and trembling, and launching myself in a moment of despair, I miss my foothold and roll into the abyss. In this case (and it is one of an immense class) the part of wisdom clearly is to believe what one desires; for the belief is one of the indispensable preliminary conditions of the realization of its object. There are then cases where faith creates its own verification. Believe, and you shall be right, for you shall save yourself; doubt, and you shall again be right, for you shall perish. The only difference is that to believe is greatly to your advantage.

For here possibilities, not finished facts, are the realities with which we have actively to deal; and to quote my friend William Salter, of the Philadelphia Ethical Society, "as the essence of courage is to stake one's life on a possibility, so the essence of faith is to believe that the possibility exists."

These, then, are my last words to you: Be not afraid of life. Believe that life is worth living, and your belief will help create the fact. The 'scientific proof' that you are right may not be clear before the day of judgment (or some stage of being which that expression may serve to symbolize) is reached. But the faithful fighters of this hour, or the beings that then and there will represent them, may then turn to the faint-hearted, who here decline to go on, with words like those with which Henry IV. greeted the tardy Crillon after a great victory had been gained: "Hang yourself, brave Crillon! we fought at Arques, and you were not there."

توصیه‌هایی درمورد انتخاب رشته

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Thu, 04 Sep 2025 14:38:09 +0330

در باب انتخاب رشته:

سایت جاب‌ویژن با همکاری گزینه دو گزارشی گذاشته از رتبه‌های قبولی، رضایت از دانشگاه و درآمدها، حتما ببینید. مثلا عکس بالا از این گزارش اومده. کلی نمودار جالب قابل تأمل دیگه هم داره.
سایت «مرکز آمار کار دولت آمریکا» گزارش جامعی داره. توش درمورد پیش‌بینی رشد ۱۰ ساله رشد یک شغل و درآمد میانه‌اش در آمریکا نوشته. مثلا درآمد، پیش‌بینی رشد و … شغلای مرتبط با کامپیوتر اینجاست. که در کل دید خوبی هم می‌ده، مثلا مشاغل مرتبط با وب درآمدشون کمتره نسبت به امنیت‌کارها. و پولدارترین‌ها توی آمریکا پزشکن، حتی از خلبان‌ها هم بیشتر در میارن :)
ویژه‌نامه شریف درمورد رشته‌های مختلف این دانشگاه
یک سری کانال تصادفی تلگرامی

اعمال تحریم بر دانشگاه شریف توسط گیت‌هاب

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Thu, 04 Sep 2025 14:36:09 +0330

خبر آنکه: گیت‌هاب ایمیل شریف نمی‌پذیره و نمی‌شه دیگه باهاش حساب دانشجویی ساخت.

مدیر عامل گیت‌هاب اخیرا استعفا کرده و الان کنترل گیت‌هاب خیلی بیشتر از قبل دست مایکروسافته. اینه که اگر تا الان به فکر نبودید، بد نیست به جایگزین‌های گیت‌هاب فکر کنید. کلا مخربه که کد نرم‌افزار آزاد بیفته دست یک سکو که خودش آزاد نیست.

مثلا codeberg.org جای خوبیه یا framagit.org

مهاجرت کنید 🚀

حادثهٔ گویآنیا

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Thu, 04 Sep 2025 14:33:09 +0330

توی برزیل، سال ۱۹۸۴، یک درمانگاه پرتودرمانی منتقل می‌شه به یک مکان جدید. به خاطر دعوای حقوقی درمانگاه و مالک زمین، وسایل پزشکی، توی ساختمون قدیمی رها میشن به امان خدا. مسئولین درمانگاه میدونستن باید وسایل رادیواکتیو رو خارج کنن، ولی به دستور دادگاه، پلیس نمیذاشته و یک نگهبان هم گذاشتن جلوی در که نه چیزی وارد شه و نه چیزی خارج.

خلاصه نزدیک‌های پاییز، نگهبان نرفت نگهبانی بده و موند خونه. دوتا دزد محترم هم رفتن از درمانگاه پرتودرمانی دزدی کردن. وسایل رو گذاشتن توی فرغون! و بردن خونه‌شون تا تیکه‌تیکه کنن و بفروشن.

بعد هم که وسایل رو تیکه تیکه کردن دیدن عه چه ماده‌های قشنگی، پودرای خوشگل که از خودشون نور آبی ساطع می‌کنن. اینا رو هی مالیدن به خودشون و اینور اونور، که آدمای مختلفی مریض شدن. موقع اعلام شدن ماجرا، همه ترسیدن و دولت برزیل مجبور شد جمعا ۱۱۲,۰۰۰ نفر رو معاینه کنه، که ۲۴۹ نفرشون هم به مواد رادیواکتیو آلوده بودن.

نتیجه اخلاقی: برای انتخاب محل دزدی هم شیمی دبیرستان لازمه.

توضیح تصویر: اخیرا یک سری میگوی یخ‌زده توی اندونزی هم آلوده به مواد رادیواکتیو شدن و FDA درخواست جمع‌آوری‌شون رو داده.

منبع

آزمون دانش شما درمورد رایانامه

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Thu, 04 Sep 2025 14:32:09 +0330

اگر میخواید دانشتون رو درمورد RFCهای رایانامه (ایمیل) بسنجید بشتابید.

سایت e-mail.wtf یک بازیه که ازتون می‌خواد مشخص کنید چه آدرس ایمیلی معتبره، و چه آدرسی نه. آخرشم بهتون امتیاز میده.

دلم نمیاد مثال بزنم، پس برید و خودتون رو محک بزنید 😇

خودم ۱۱ از ۲۱ شدم، ‌شما چطور؟

How to tunnel all your outgoing traffic using WireGuard, but keep your connection to your VPS

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Thu, 04 Sep 2025 12:58:17 +0330

Add this to your wireguard config:

[Interface]
# under interface add:
PostUp = /etc/wireguard/post-up.sh
PostDown = /etc/wireguard/post-down.sh

Fill in the variables and use these AI-written bash scripts, post up:

#!/bin/bash
#
# This script is executed by WireGuard's PostUp hook.
# It creates a new routing table and rules to ensure that traffic
# originating from the server's public IP is routed through the
# public gateway, preserving new and established connections.

# ==============================================================================
# Configuration - PLEASE FILL IN THESE VALUES
# ==============================================================================

# Your server's public IPv4 address.
# Example: PUBLIC_IPV4=""
PUBLIC_IPV4=""

# Your server's public IPv6 address (optional, leave blank if none).
# Example: PUBLIC_IPV6="2001:db8::1"
PUBLIC_IPV6=""

# Your server's public-facing network interface.
# Find with: ip a | grep 'state UP'
# Example: PUBLIC_INTERFACE="eth0"
PUBLIC_INTERFACE="eth0"

# The gateway for your public IPv4 address.
# Find with: ip route | grep default
# Example: GATEWAY_IPV4="198.51.100.1"
GATEWAY_IPV4=""

# The gateway for your public IPv6 address (optional, leave blank if none).
# Find with: ip -6 route | grep default
# Example: GATEWAY_IPV6="2001:db8::ffff"
GATEWAY_IPV6=""

# --- Advanced Configuration ---
# A unique ID for the custom routing table. Choose a number between 1 and 252
# that is not already in use in /etc/iproute2/rt_tables.
TABLE_ID=52
TABLE_NAME="keep_connections"
# The priority for the routing rule. Lower numbers are checked first.
PRIORITY=1000

# ==============================================================================
# Script Logic - DO NOT EDIT BELOW THIS LINE
# ==============================================================================

set -e # Exit immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status.

echo "--- [WG PostUp] Maintaining public connectivity ---"

mkdir -p /etc/iproute2
touch /etc/iproute2/rt_tables

# Add a named routing table for clarity. This makes it easier to identify its purpose.
if ! grep -q "^\s*$TABLE_ID\s*$TABLE_NAME\s*$" /etc/iproute2/rt_tables; then
 echo "Adding routing table '$TABLE_NAME' to /etc/iproute2/rt_tables"
 # Using tee with sudo to ensure we have permission to write to the file
 echo "$TABLE_ID $TABLE_NAME" | sudo tee -a /etc/iproute2/rt_tables > /dev/null
fi

# --- Add routes to the custom table ---
# These routes define how to send traffic out through the public interface.

# IPv4
if [[ -n "$PUBLIC_IPV4" && -n "$GATEWAY_IPV4" ]]; then
 echo "Adding IPv4 default route to table '$TABLE_NAME'..."
 ip route add default via "$GATEWAY_IPV4" dev "$PUBLIC_INTERFACE" table "$TABLE_ID"
else
 echo "Skipping IPv4 route configuration (address or gateway not set)."
fi

# IPv6
if [[ -n "$PUBLIC_IPV6" && -n "$GATEWAY_IPV6" ]]; then
 echo "Adding IPv6 default route to table '$TABLE_NAME'..."
 ip -6 route add default via "$GATEWAY_IPV6" dev "$PUBLIC_INTERFACE" table "$TABLE_ID"
else
 echo "Skipping IPv6 route configuration (address or gateway not set)."
fi

# --- Add policy routing rules ---
# These rules tell the kernel to use our custom table for any traffic coming *from* the public IP.

# IPv4
if [[ -n "$PUBLIC_IPV4" ]]; then
 if ! ip rule list | grep -q "from $PUBLIC_IPV4 lookup $TABLE_NAME"; then
 echo "Adding IPv4 policy rule..."
 ip rule add from "$PUBLIC_IPV4/32" table "$TABLE_ID" priority "$PRIORITY"
 else
 echo "IPv4 policy rule already exists."
 fi
fi

# IPv6
if [[ -n "$PUBLIC_IPV6" ]]; then
 if ! ip -6 rule list | grep -q "from $PUBLIC_IPV6 lookup $TABLE_NAME"; then
 echo "Adding IPv6 policy rule..."
 ip -6 rule add from "$PUBLIC_IPV6/128" table "$TABLE_ID" priority "$PRIORITY"
 else
 echo "IPv6 policy rule already exists."
 fi
fi

echo "--- [WG PostUp] Script finished successfully ---"

post down:

#!/bin/bash
#
# This script is executed by WireGuard's PostDown hook.
# It cleans up the rules and routes created by the PostUp script
# to restore the server's default routing behavior.

# ==============================================================================
# Configuration - MUST MATCH YOUR PostUp SCRIPT
# ==============================================================================

# Your server's public IPv4 address.
# Example: PUBLIC_IPV4="198.51.100.5"
PUBLIC_IPV4=""

# Your server's public IPv6 address (optional, leave blank if none).
# Example: PUBLIC_IPV6="2001:db8::1"
PUBLIC_IPV6=""

# --- Advanced Configuration ---
TABLE_ID=52
TABLE_NAME="keep_connections"
PRIORITY=1000

# ==============================================================================
# Script Logic - DO NOT EDIT BELOW THIS LINE
# ==============================================================================

set -e # Exit immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status.

echo "--- [WG PreDown] Cleaning up routing rules ---"

# --- Remove policy routing rules ---

# IPv4
if [[ -n "$PUBLIC_IPV4" ]]; then
 # Use a loop to be safe, in case a rule was added multiple times by mistake.
 while ip rule list | grep -q "from $PUBLIC_IPV4.*lookup $TABLE_NAME"; do
 echo "Removing IPv4 policy rule..."
 ip rule del from "$PUBLIC_IPV4/32" table "$TABLE_ID" priority "$PRIORITY"
 done
fi

# IPv6
if [[ -n "$PUBLIC_IPV6" ]]; then
 while ip -6 rule list | grep -q "from $PUBLIC_IPV6.*lookup $TABLE_NAME"; do
 echo "Removing IPv6 policy rule..."
 ip -6 rule del from "$PUBLIC_IPV6/128" table "$TABLE_ID" priority "$PRIORITY"
 done
fi

# --- Flush the custom routing table ---
# This removes the default routes we added to our custom table.
echo "Flushing routing table '$TABLE_NAME'..."
ip route flush table "$TABLE_ID"
if [[ -n "$PUBLIC_IPV6" ]]; then
 ip -6 route flush table "$TABLE_ID"
fi

echo "--- [WG PostDown] Script finished successfully ---"

How to migrate torrent files from one qBittorrent cilent to another?

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Sat, 16 Aug 2025 11:13:49 +0330

I have had this problem where I reinstalled my OS and qBittorrent forgot all about my downloaded torrents. I was facing a brand-new, blank page in qBIttorrent. I could not seed the files I already had. Here's how I solved it.

For me, all files downloaded from torrent go inside a single directory, without any change in their name (except some that have naming conflicts, for those that have conflicting names I create a separate folder and put both of them in it, then I'll have to change their address manually and my automation doesn't work). So here's how I do migration for those that are not exceptions:

Redownload all the .torrent files I have the files for.
Put all of them in a single directory. Now this directory contains all the .torrent files my qBittorrent client needs.
Press (Alt + O) inside qBittorrent (or go to Tools -> Preferences inside it).
From the left pane choose Downloads.
Under "Saving Management" change the "Default Save Path" to the folder that contains all your downloaded files in a single directory. This is where the actual downloaded files are, not where the .torrent files are. These are two separate directories.
Now go a little below, look for "Automatically add torrents from:"
Press "Add" and add your folder that has all your .torrent files in it, press "OK", now all your torrents are automatically added to qBittorrent without any hassle, directing it to look at Default Save Path for the files.

If all goes well, your qBittorrent will realize that files are already downloaded, if it doesn't, then you've probably made a mistake, or have changed the name of the folders/files.

For my method to work, or for any torrent client to realize you're pointing to an already downloaded file, it's really important not to change the file/folder names at all. The name in the torrent file and the folders/files on your PC should match. If you have changed the names or have made an arbitrary folder structure, you need to ask AI to write you a python script to reverse your directory structure (for example move everything from A B C D … Z folders back to a single directory) or if you've really changed everything, to extract the folder/file names from torrent files and automatically revert them back to normal.

How to Share a Secret: Summary of Shamir's Paper

hossein@naghdbishi.com (Hossein Naghdbishi) — Mon, 11 Aug 2025 13:15:47 +0330

In his 1979 paper, Adi Shamir explains an ingenious way to share a secret between n people, such that only if k of them cooperate will the secret be revealed. And that even if k-1 people cooperated, nothing would be revealed.

How it works is simple. For a polynomial of degree 1 (i.e, $f(x)=a_{1}x+a_{0}$), how many (x,y) points do you need to find $a_{1}$ and $a_{0}$? Two. If you had only one point, you could find a relationship between $a_{0}$ and $a_{1}$ but that would be all. For a polynomial of degree 2 (i.e, $f(x)=a_{2}x^2+a_{1}x+a_{0}$), how many (x,y) points do you need to find $a_{2}, a_{1}$ and $a_{0}$? Three. If you had only two points, there would still be an infinite pairs of $a_{2}$, $a_{1}$ and $a_{0}$.

Knowing what we know about polynomials, suppose n people need to be able to be part of our trusted group, such that if k of them cooperated, they could work out the secret.

We set $a_{0}$ as our secret. We generate a polynomial of degree k-1 so there are k coefficients and at least k points or cooperating members are needed. Except for $a_{0}$ which is our secret, we generate the coefficients ($a_{1}$ to $a_{n}$) randomly. Then we index our n members give them each the f(x) of their index, so member one gets f(1), member two gets f(2) and so on up to member n who gets f(n). Now if any k members cooperate, they'll have the numbers to find out all the coefficients, and work out $a_{0}$. Easy as that. We will also use modulo arithmetic for our polynomial equations so every number is equally likely in it.